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Adding rights to housing, healthcare, education, and nutrition to the US Constitution?

lpetrich

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Reps. Adams, Omar, Schakowsky Introduce Constitutional Amendment Guaranteeing Fundamental Human Rights | Congresswoman Alma Adams
That's Alma Adams D-NC-12, Ilhan Omar D-MN-05, Jan Schakowsky IL-09

H.J.Res.20 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States recognizing and securing the fundamental right to life, liberty, and property, which includes housing, health care, education, and nutrition. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress - still only its sponsor (AA) and its two cosponsors (IO, JS).

The right of any person to affordable housing, cost-effective health care, quality education, and adequate nutrition shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State, and the Congress shall have power to enforce and implement this article by appropriate legislation.
The resolution has a time limit for that amendment: 7 years since its introduction.

They state about it:
“If the COVID-19 pandemic has shown us anything, it’s that we’ve failed at guaranteeing basic security and human dignity for our most vulnerable neighbors,” said Rep. Adams. “Tomorrow, I will introduce legislation – a constitutional amendment - that will ensure a right to shelter, health care, food security, and education in our founding documents. It is long past time for us to breathe new life into our Constitution, and recognize that true liberty not only means freedom from tyranny and oppression, but also freedom from the burden of poverty and centuries of structural racism and inequality. Our common humanity requires us to act on behalf of the dignity, health, and safety of all Americans.”

“For far too long, millions have been denied the promises enshrined in our Constitution—the promise of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” said Rep. Omar. “This amendment will ensure that all people have the opportunity to access affordable healthcare, housing, nutrition and education. I am proud to join Representatives Adams and Schakowsky in this effort to make these fundamental human rights and provide a future where all people have a real chance at the American dream.”

“For over 70 years, the United Nations has recognized the rights to housing, healthcare, education, and nutrition as human rights,” said Rep. Schakowsky. “Yet in the United States we see an affordable housing shortage and homelessness crisis, we see millions of uninsured Americans without access to basic healthcare, we see great inequities in our public school system, and we see millions of Americans struggle every day to put food on the table. By memorializing these fundamental rights in our Constitution, the United States can begin to make good on its promise to be a land of opportunity, equality, and freedom for all.”
Rep. Schakowsky was likely referring to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations
 
This seems like leftover business from the New Deal era, and it is rather curious that the New Dealers did not try to bake into the Constitution any of the New Deal. In fact, this seems much like FDR's proposed  Second Bill of Rights announced 1944 Jan 11.
  • The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation;
  • The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;
  • The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living;
  • The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad;
  • The right of every family to a decent home;
  • The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health;
  • The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment;
  • The right to a good education.
He never got very far with it.

She tweeted about it:
Rep. Alma Adams on Twitter: "Tomorrow, I will will introduce an amendment to the Constitution of the United States recognizing housing, health care, education, and nutrition as fundamental human rights. (link)" / Twitter
and
Rep. Alma Adams on Twitter: "Tomorrow, I'm introducing an amendment to the Constitution that says ‘‘The right of any person to affordable housing, cost-effective health care, quality education, and adequate nutrition shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State.’’ (link)" / Twitter
 
Turning to  Cyclical theory (United States history) and  List of amendments to the United States Constitution I find:

Schlesinger Cycles with Constitutional Amendments:
  • 1776-1788 Lib: Revolution & Constitution -- 1789-91 #1-10
  • 1788-1800 Con: Hamilton Era -- 1794-95 #11
  • 1800-1812 Lib: Jefferson Era -- 1803-04 #12
  • 1812-1829 Con: Era of Good Feelings
  • 1829-1841 Lib: Jackson Era
  • 1841-1861 Con: Slaveowner Dominance
  • 1861-1869 Lib: Abolition of Slavery -- 1865 #13, 1866-68 #14, 1869-70 #15
  • 1869-1901 Con: Gilded Age
  • 1901-1919 Lib: Progressive Era -- 1909-13 #16, 1912-13 #17, 1917-19 #18, 1919-20 #19
  • 1919-1931 Con: Roaring Twenties -- 1932-33 #20, 1933 #21
  • 1931-1947 Lib: New Deal Era -- 1947-51 #22
  • 1947-1962 Con: Eisenhower Era -- 1960-61 #23, 1962-64 #24
  • 1962-1978 Lib: Sixties Era -- 1965-67 #25, 1971 #26
  • 1978-present Con: Gilded Age II -- 1789-1992 #27
 
I decided to look through what other Constitutional amendments have been proposed so far, including which party of Congressmember proposed them.

Campaign finance:
H.J.Res.1 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to contributions and expenditures intended to affect elections. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)
H.J.Res.21 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving Congress power to regulate campaign contributions for Federal elections. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)

Balancing the Federal budget:
H.J.Res.2 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to balancing the budget. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.3 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.8 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to provide for balanced budgets for the Government. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.13 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution requiring that each agency and department's funding is justified. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
S.J.Res.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States requiring that the Federal budget be balanced. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
S.J.Res.6 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to balancing the budget. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)

From the summary: "The amendment prohibits the President from granting a pardon or reprieve to himself or herself, to family members or members of the administration, to paid campaign employees, to a person or entity for an offense motivated by an interest of any of those people, or to a person or entity for an offense directed by or coordinated with the President."
H.J.Res.4 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States limiting the pardon power of the President. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)

Guaranteeing the right to vote for all adult citizens except for those imprisoned for major offenses.
H.J.Res.5 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States protecting the right of citizens to vote. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)

Congressional term limits.
H.J.Res.6 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of terms an individual may serve as a Member of Congress. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.9 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of terms that a Member of Congress may serve to four in the House of Representatives and two in the Senate. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.12 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of terms that a Member of Congress may serve. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
S.J.Res.3 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to limiting the number of terms that a Member of Congress may serve. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
H.J.Res.18 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of terms that a Member of Congress may serve. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
 
No budget, no pay for Congress.
H.J.Res.7 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to prohibit Members of Congress from receiving compensation during a fiscal year unless both Houses of Congress have agreed to a concurrent resolution on the budget for that fiscal year prior to the beginning of that fiscal year. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)

No court packing.
H.J.Res.11 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to require that the Supreme Court of the United States be composed of nine justices. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
S.J.Res.4 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to require that the Supreme Court of the United States be composed of not more than 9 justices. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)

Popular-vote election of the President, abolishing the Electoral College.
H.J.Res.14 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to abolish the electoral college and to provide for the direct election of the President and Vice President of the United States. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)

Letting the Equal Rights Amendment be ratified.
H.J.Res.17 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)
S.J.Res.1 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (D)

Line-item veto: veto only parts of a bill.
S.J.Res.2 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): A joint resolution proposing amendments to the Constitution of the United States relative to the line item veto, a limitation on the number of terms that a Member of Congress may serve, and requiring a vote of two-thirds of the membership of both Houses of Congress on any legislation raising or imposing new taxes or fees. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)

Strip the District of Columbia of its 3 electoral votes.
H.J.Res.19 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty-third article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)

What I'd mentioned in the OP.
H.J.Res.20 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States recognizing and securing the fundamental right to life, liberty, and property, which includes housing, health care, education, and nutrition. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (Rep. Alma Adams) (D)

Lowering the minimum voting age to 16.
H.J.Res.23 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States extending the right to vote to citizens sixteen years of age or older. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (Rep. Grace Meng) (D)

Citizens only instead of all people for finding each state's House-seat allocation.
H.J.Res.24 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to provide that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the number of persons in each State who are citizens of the United States. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress (R)
 
The right of any person to affordable housing, cost-effective health care, quality education, and adequate nutrition shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State, and the Congress shall have power to enforce and implement this article by appropriate legislation.
So what does it mean for the United States or a State to abridge one of these rights? Is it like the right to bear arms, where "abridged" means a cop takes away your gun? So the amendment means government can't shoot your doctor and confiscate your breakfast? Or is this intended to create a positive right, where "abridged" means the government didn't send a doctor and meals-on-wheels to you?

Positive rights are tricky things. A constitution is a law, which is to say, an instruction to a judge. The right to keep and bear arms instructs a judge to check if a cop took your gun away illegally, and if he did, issue him an injunction to give you your gun back, and if he won't, issue an instruction to a bailiff to arrest the cop and put him in jail for contempt of court. So, assuming Adams et. al. have a positive right in mind and assuming their amendment is enacted, in the event that a judge finds that a person does not have adequate nutrition, whom do they intend the judge to issue an injunction against?
 
The right of any person to affordable housing, cost-effective health care, quality education, and adequate nutrition shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State, and the Congress shall have power to enforce and implement this article by appropriate legislation.
So what does it mean for the United States or a State to abridge one of these rights? Is it like the right to bear arms, where "abridged" means a cop takes away your gun? So the amendment means government can't shoot your doctor and confiscate your breakfast? Or is this intended to create a positive right, where "abridged" means the government didn't send a doctor and meals-on-wheels to you?

Positive rights are tricky things. A constitution is a law, which is to say, an instruction to a judge. The right to keep and bear arms instructs a judge to check if a cop took your gun away illegally, and if he did, issue him an injunction to give you your gun back, and if he won't, issue an instruction to a bailiff to arrest the cop and put him in jail for contempt of court. So, assuming Adams et. al. have a positive right in mind and assuming their amendment is enacted, in the event that a judge finds that a person does not have adequate nutrition, whom do they intend the judge to issue an injunction against?

Who gets to decide if a positive right is adequately funded or implemented correctly? Judges?
 
So what does it mean for the United States or a State to abridge one of these rights? Is it like the right to bear arms, where "abridged" means a cop takes away your gun? So the amendment means government can't shoot your doctor and confiscate your breakfast? Or is this intended to create a positive right, where "abridged" means the government didn't send a doctor and meals-on-wheels to you?

Positive rights are tricky things. A constitution is a law, which is to say, an instruction to a judge. The right to keep and bear arms instructs a judge to check if a cop took your gun away illegally, and if he did, issue him an injunction to give you your gun back, and if he won't, issue an instruction to a bailiff to arrest the cop and put him in jail for contempt of court. So, assuming Adams et. al. have a positive right in mind and assuming their amendment is enacted, in the event that a judge finds that a person does not have adequate nutrition, whom do they intend the judge to issue an injunction against?

Who gets to decide if a positive right is adequately funded or implemented correctly? Judges?

Probably the Senate Budget Committee. Cause that's like, how our government works.
 
So what does it mean for the United States or a State to abridge one of these rights? Is it like the right to bear arms, where "abridged" means a cop takes away your gun? So the amendment means government can't shoot your doctor and confiscate your breakfast? Or is this intended to create a positive right, where "abridged" means the government didn't send a doctor and meals-on-wheels to you?

Positive rights are tricky things. A constitution is a law, which is to say, an instruction to a judge. The right to keep and bear arms instructs a judge to check if a cop took your gun away illegally, and if he did, issue him an injunction to give you your gun back, and if he won't, issue an instruction to a bailiff to arrest the cop and put him in jail for contempt of court. So, assuming Adams et. al. have a positive right in mind and assuming their amendment is enacted, in the event that a judge finds that a person does not have adequate nutrition, whom do they intend the judge to issue an injunction against?

Who gets to decide if a positive right is adequately funded or implemented correctly? Judges?

Probably the Senate Budget Committee. Cause that's like, how our government works.

Not if it's a constitutional right. Then it's up to the courts.
 
Who gets to decide if a positive right is adequately funded or implemented correctly? Judges?

Probably the Senate Budget Committee. Cause that's like, how our government works.
Well, that would be the obvious -- this, presumably, is why Adams et al. included the bit about "the Congress shall have power to enforce and implement this article by appropriate legislation", after all -- had the amendment said only "shall not be denied or abridged by the United States". But, given how our government works, it's not clear how the Senate Budget Committee is supposed to cause a positive right to be adequately funded by ", or any State".

Another thing that isn't clear about the amendment, in the context of how our government works, is in what sense the Congress currently does not have power to enforce and implement by appropriate legislation the provision of affordable housing, cost-effective health care, quality education, and adequate nutrition to every person in the U.S. This isn't an issue that comes up with regular rights like freedom of religion. There's no clause in the First Amendment saying Congress has the power to pass appropriate legislation to not confiscate Jews' menorahs: not doing that doesn't take legislation. So what sort of appropriate legislation do Adams et al. have in mind, and, here's the critical question, why do they think they need a constitutional amendment to authorize Congress to pass it?

Which is to say, if, absent their amendment, Congress were to just pass the legislation they have in mind right now, which current Constitutional rights do they think the courts will overturn the legislation for violating?
 
Healthcare and education should be a fundamental right and equal to all Americans. A living wage with proper cost of living adjustments should take care of housing and nutrition and provide the added bonus of not pissing off that part of the electorate who might view subsidies for low wage workers as handouts. End low wages and you end handouts.
 
Healthcare and education should be a fundamental right and equal to all Americans.
How much healthcare should be a fundamental right? If a terminally ill guy can be given an extra six months of life by spending a million dollars on heroic measures, is getting that million dollars spent on him a fundamental right that requires only a doctor to testify to the need and a judge to issue the court order, and then the courts will simply divert tax revenue from making bridges earthquake safe? Or is trading off a patient's needs against bridge-users' needs a matter that elected representatives should be allowed to vote on?

How much education should be a fundamental right? Reading, writing and arithmetic? An advanced degree in engineering? An advanced degree in art history?

A living wage with proper cost of living adjustments should take care of housing and nutrition... End low wages and you end handouts.
Why do you believe that? What will become of a person who doesn't know how to do anything that will increase any employer's revenue by the amount defined as a "living wage"? What employer will hire him if having him on the payroll is guaranteed to reduce profit? Are you proposing to have the government order people to featherbed? Or do you perhaps mean to make the government an employer of last resort, i.e., have them hire anyone willing to work whether they have a job for him to do or not?
 
Healthcare and education should be a fundamental right and equal to all Americans.
How much healthcare should be a fundamental right? If a terminally ill guy can be given an extra six months of life by spending a million dollars on heroic measures, is getting that million dollars spent on him a fundamental right that requires only a doctor to testify to the need and a judge to issue the court order, and then the courts will simply divert tax revenue from making bridges earthquake safe? Or is trading off a patient's needs against bridge-users' needs a matter that elected representatives should be allowed to vote on?

How much education should be a fundamental right? Reading, writing and arithmetic? An advanced degree in engineering? An advanced degree in art history?

A living wage with proper cost of living adjustments should take care of housing and nutrition... End low wages and you end handouts.
Why do you believe that? What will become of a person who doesn't know how to do anything that will increase any employer's revenue by the amount defined as a "living wage"? What employer will hire him if having him on the payroll is guaranteed to reduce profit? Are you proposing to have the government order people to featherbed? Or do you perhaps mean to make the government an employer of last resort, i.e., have them hire anyone willing to work whether they have a job for him to do or not?

In my state run healthcare system, decisions for the terminally ill would be made by a board of physicians.
I don’t have an opinion regarding the movement of funds from one agency to another but for planning purposes, it doesn’t sound like a very good idea. I mean who wants half a bridge?

Regarding education, four years of college or vocational training should be suitable for the needs of the nation. What the individual studies should be what the individual desires. We are more than just tools to serve the economic engine of a nation.

Can a living wage be maintained by US employers? Unsure. We’d have to slow-walk into it to find out. I’ve heard no negative feedback regarding mandatory fifteen dollar minimums so far so that’s encouraging.
Perhaps I’m being naive in thinking starvation wages for those who struggle in a technologically advancing world is wrong.
 
In my state run healthcare system, decisions for the terminally ill would be made by a board of physicians.
I don’t have an opinion regarding the movement of funds from one agency to another but for planning purposes, it doesn’t sound like a very good idea. I mean who wants half a bridge?
So in your state run healthcare system, do the board of physicians decide for a terminally ill person only based on his needs, or do they have a budget they have to stay within? If they only take need into account, then that pretty much requires that a judge will get to order the state to divert funds if total needs are more than the state allocated. But if the doctors have a budget, well, a right that depends on how many other people are exercising it and how much money the legislature voted is a funny thing to call a "right". "Sorry, your sect isn't allowed to build a church because too many other sects have built too many churches and used up the state's church budget." Would you call that a "right" to free exercise of religion?

Regarding education, four years of college or vocational training should be suitable for the needs of the nation. What the individual studies should be what the individual desires. We are more than just tools to serve the economic engine of a nation.
I lost you. If I get to take a degree in poetry because education is a fundamental right and I'm more than just a tool to serve the economic engine of a nation, then what difference does it make how many years are suitable for the needs of the nation? And, for that matter, why is a high school grad making $15/hour expected to pay college professors $30/hour because I individually desire a four-year poetry degree? Isn't he more than just a tool too?

Can a living wage be maintained by US employers? Unsure. We’d have to slow-walk into it to find out.
Not necessary -- simple inspection of a generic supply-and-demand chart is enough to answer that question. Yes, of course a "living wage" can be maintained by US employers. The marginal revenue from adding unskilled labor is subject to the law of diminishing returns, same as any other input into production. So a price increase in anything can be maintained -- the buyer simply moves to a different point on the supply-and-demand chart: to the point where the marginal revenue matches the price. Because of diminishing returns, when you use less unskilled labor the marginal revenue per unit of unskilled labor goes up. There's some a point on the chart where the employer is using so little unskilled labor that she's taking in $15 in increased sales per hour of unskilled labor she uses; that's what will determine how much unskilled labor she buys.

But that's not the question I asked. I'm asking you what becomes of the workers who don't know how to do anything in an hour that will increase anyone's sales by $15? When you impose a price floor on anything, you reduce the amount people buy. Why do you think it is that anyone is even talking about legally mandating a $15/hour minimum wage? American workers who make less than that can raise wages to that level any time they choose to, federal law or no -- they can simply all refuse to work for less than that. US employers would maintain that level because they wouldn't have a choice, same as if there's a law, because the workers would demand it. A minimum wage is functionally equivalent to a labor union of all the unskilled workers; and the workers don't need a federal law to unionize. So why don't they unionize? They don't because not everybody making under $15/hour would join. But who wouldn't join? Who doesn't want a raise? Everybody wants a raise. The workers who won't join the union and won't strike for $15/hour, even though they want $15/hour, are the workers who expect to lose their jobs when the number of jobs drops below the number of workers who want jobs.

You say "End low wages and you end handouts." Why do you believe that's true? You'll end handouts to the subset of low wage workers who keep their jobs; but you'll increase handouts to the subset of low wage workers who lose their jobs, and you'll increase handouts to the nonworkers who would have gotten $10/hour jobs if you hadn't outlawed them, unless you have a way to guarantee a job to everyone, whether he can increase anyone's sales by $15 or not. Do you?

I’ve heard no negative feedback regarding mandatory fifteen dollar minimums so far so that’s encouraging.
Well, it probably indicates that you're in a bubble.

Perhaps I’m being naive in thinking starvation wages for those who struggle in a technologically advancing world is wrong.
Well, in the first place, $14/hour is not "starvation wages". People who use the phrase "living wage", in my experience, never, ever mean the amount of wages it takes to live on. That means they are spreading propaganda, not truth.

And in the second place, whether something is wrong depends on what the alternatives are. That means we're not ready to tackle wrong yet, because we haven't established what the alternatives are. You say "End low wages and you end handouts." That's a claim that you know of an alternative with high wages and no handouts. May we see it, please? How are you going to guarantee a job to everyone, whether an hour of his work can increase anyone's sales by $15 or not?
 
Google for FDR's Economic bill Of Rights,also known as the Second Bill of Rights.

https://www.ushistory.org/documents/economic_bill_of_rights.htm

Proposed to the nation on January 11, 1944. 77 years ago.
Titled link: The Economic Bill of Rights I mentioned the Wikipedia article on it earlier in this thread.

FDR proposed this 2nd Bill of Rights during WWII, an event that undoubtedly overshadowed it. He lived only a little more than a year more, and he died on 1945 Apr 12, in the last months of that war. Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker on Apr 30, with Soviet troops only a few blocks away, and the remaining Nazi leadership surrendered on May 8, ending Nazi Germany and the war in Europe. War in the western Pacific Ocean continued a little bit longer, with the US dropping a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima on Aug 6 and one on Nagasaki on Aug 9, and with Japan surrendering on Aug 15, ending the war there also.

So FDR never got a chance to do much about it. Harry Truman tried to continue his late boss's New Deal legacy with his  Fair Deal, but only a little bit of it got enacted. The Fair Deal contained, among other things, universal health insurance, but that was denounced as "socialized medicine", and it didn't pass.
 
It must be noted that the more recent liberal periods have left a lot of unfinished business.

The Civil War Era, as it may be called, had abolition of slavery and Reconstruction, but the latter effort was ended by a white-supremacist counterrevolution called Redemption, one that involved Jim Crow racial discrimination, restriction of voting rights, terrorism, and lynchings.

The Progressive Era ended with women getting the vote, but it didn't get much followup until over 40 years later, when US feminism revived in the Sixties Era, skipping over the New Deal Era. The Progressive Era, despite its valuable reforms, was not very progressive on race relations, though the NAACP dates back to then. It also had one very bad idea, it must be conceded: Prohibition.

The New Deal Era had the content of FDR's Second Bill of Rights, and also black civil-rights activism. There was a little bit of effort there, but only late in it, like a March on Washington to protest racial segregation, and President Truman's desegregation of the armed forces in 1948.

Though civil-rights activism slowed down early in the following conservative period, the Eisenhower Era, it gradually revived during that period, and some of its efforts were supported by President Eisenhower himself.

The Sixties Era had lots of reforms, but by the mid-1970's, the Sixties reform efforts were running out of steam, and some reform efforts got stranded. The Equal Rights Amendment was almost ratified, but its ratification effort stalled just before ratification because of right-wing activism like Phyllis Schlafly's. Abortion became a culture-war issue, and metric-system and renewable-energy adoption also stalled. Ronald Reagan ordered the removal of Jimmy Carter's solar water heaters from the White House roof.

NHI-MAG-2019-web.pdf
I personally witnessed the decline of leadership after the 1960s. To me, that was very significant, because we were used to a lot of activity in the neighborhood, and a lot of the nonprofit organizations doing that just shut their doors almost overnight. They were tired from the Civil Rights Movement, emotionally and physically.
Which agrees with the Arthur Schleshingers' theory on why liberal phases end: society-scale activism burnout.
 
Start with Constitutionalizing voting rights. Without that, the conservatives (more accurately, the Trump Party) have it all over us on cash and propaganda (not to mention, at present, the judiciary and gerrymandered districts.) If we enlarge and protect the franchise, we can begin to pare back the advantages they have gained from contorting the system to achieve minority rule.
 
So in your state run healthcare system, do the board of physicians decide for a terminally ill person only based on his needs, or do they have a budget they have to stay within? If they only take need into account, then that pretty much requires that a judge will get to order the state to divert funds if total needs are more than the state allocated. But if the doctors have a budget, well, a right that depends on how many other people are exercising it and how much money the legislature voted is a funny thing to call a "right". "Sorry, your sect isn't allowed to build a church because too many other sects have built too many churches and used up the state's church budget." Would you call that a "right" to free exercise of religion?


I lost you. If I get to take a degree in poetry because education is a fundamental right and I'm more than just a tool to serve the economic engine of a nation, then what difference does it make how many years are suitable for the needs of the nation? And, for that matter, why is a high school grad making $15/hour expected to pay college professors $30/hour because I individually desire a four-year poetry degree? Isn't he more than just a tool too?

Can a living wage be maintained by US employers? Unsure. We’d have to slow-walk into it to find out.
Not necessary -- simple inspection of a generic supply-and-demand chart is enough to answer that question. Yes, of course a "living wage" can be maintained by US employers. The marginal revenue from adding unskilled labor is subject to the law of diminishing returns, same as any other input into production. So a price increase in anything can be maintained -- the buyer simply moves to a different point on the supply-and-demand chart: to the point where the marginal revenue matches the price. Because of diminishing returns, when you use less unskilled labor the marginal revenue per unit of unskilled labor goes up. There's some a point on the chart where the employer is using so little unskilled labor that she's taking in $15 in increased sales per hour of unskilled labor she uses; that's what will determine how much unskilled labor she buys.

But that's not the question I asked. I'm asking you what becomes of the workers who don't know how to do anything in an hour that will increase anyone's sales by $15? When you impose a price floor on anything, you reduce the amount people buy. Why do you think it is that anyone is even talking about legally mandating a $15/hour minimum wage? American workers who make less than that can raise wages to that level any time they choose to, federal law or no -- they can simply all refuse to work for less than that. US employers would maintain that level because they wouldn't have a choice, same as if there's a law, because the workers would demand it. A minimum wage is functionally equivalent to a labor union of all the unskilled workers; and the workers don't need a federal law to unionize. So why don't they unionize? They don't because not everybody making under $15/hour would join. But who wouldn't join? Who doesn't want a raise? Everybody wants a raise. The workers who won't join the union and won't strike for $15/hour, even though they want $15/hour, are the workers who expect to lose their jobs when the number of jobs drops below the number of workers who want jobs.

You say "End low wages and you end handouts." Why do you believe that's true? You'll end handouts to the subset of low wage workers who keep their jobs; but you'll increase handouts to the subset of low wage workers who lose their jobs, and you'll increase handouts to the nonworkers who would have gotten $10/hour jobs if you hadn't outlawed them, unless you have a way to guarantee a job to everyone, whether he can increase anyone's sales by $15 or not. Do you?

I’ve heard no negative feedback regarding mandatory fifteen dollar minimums so far so that’s encouraging.
Well, it probably indicates that you're in a bubble.

Perhaps I’m being naive in thinking starvation wages for those who struggle in a technologically advancing world is wrong.
Well, in the first place, $14/hour is not "starvation wages". People who use the phrase "living wage", in my experience, never, ever mean the amount of wages it takes to live on. That means they are spreading propaganda, not truth.

And in the second place, whether something is wrong depends on what the alternatives are. That means we're not ready to tackle wrong yet, because we haven't established what the alternatives are. You say "End low wages and you end handouts." That's a claim that you know of an alternative with high wages and no handouts. May we see it, please? How are you going to guarantee a job to everyone, whether an hour of his work can increase anyone's sales by $15 or not?

In your healthcare scenario you assume an inadequate budget. We have plenty of data on how much is spent on end of life care now. Start with that. If a board of physicians instead of patients and family members make these decisions going forward, the costs will decrease. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-do-doctors-want-to-die-2187350/

I cannot answer your question in your $15 an hour scenario. As far as I can tell, it's drawn from a false premise. I'm to assume pushing up wages will result in people losing their jobs? I do not. There is little data on how a $15 minimum wage affects employment numbers save for a few cities which so far do not support your claim. In this scenario, are we both assuming that profits are cut to the bone and the business owners can be bled no more? I'm not. Perhaps raising wages does little more than reduce profits, lowers the compensation of the CEO making 3-400 times more than their workers. Let's find out.

Low wage workers cannot "simply refuse to work" because they live paycheck to paycheck. Joining an existing union is not manna from heaven. It's not, join a union, get a raise. That's nonsense. For me it was join a union, get a jacket and a vote. A vote on a contract that a couple union leaders and management could strike items from on a whim. For daughter it was you will join this union and pay dues from a paycheck that does not cover the basics. I'm sure if I knew more people I would have more anecdotes.
 
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