1. Hafez al-Assad sent Khomeini a gold-illuminated Koran in 1979.
Syrian leader Hafez al-Assad, who had never had warm relations with the Shah of Iran, was quick to embrace the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He
sent the Ayatollah Khomeini a gold-illuminated Koran and congratulatory telegram in which he
proclaimed support for the revolution, which he said served the interests of both Arabs and Muslims. He was the first Arab leader to recognize the new regime. The move proved fortuitous for him, as Syria entered an era of relative isolation later that year, losing its strategic partnership with Egypt to the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, and entering an era of hostility with Baathist Iraq after Saddam Hussein accused Syria of aiding a coup plot against the Baghdad government.
2. Two wars cemented the alliance.
When Saddam Hussein invaded Iran in September 1980, Syria was the only Arab country that supported Iran. Syria provided arms, guided Iran regarding Iraq’s Soviet-made equipment, shut down an Iraqi oil pipeline that crossed Syrian territory, and sabotaged an Arab League meeting in Amman at which King Hussein of Jordan sought to rally support for Iraq.
When Israel invaded Lebanon and attacked Syrian forces in 1982, Assad turned to Iran, which mobilized Lebanese Shiites to take up arms in the Lebanese Civil War against the multinational peacekeeping force comprised of American, French, British, Italian, and Israeli forces. Iran’s allies officially formed Hezbollah, or “Party of God” in 1985. Syria still ensures Iran access to its Hezbollah allies.