Cheerful Charlie
Contributor
The entire Western left was shocked at what Stalin was actually doing. Socialism being forced down people's throats by a dictator is not socialism. The roots of socialism is a functioning democracy.
So saying Orwell was shocked is saying very little.
And certainly not evidence of naivete.
He quickly caught on, 'Animal Farm' (1945), helped by his experience in Spain, while others in the West were still supporting Stalin's "socialism".
Although it should be noted that while Animal Farm is about Stalin's Russia the original preface warned of the same things happening in the West.
But not by a dictators force, through a "good education".
For those of us who were in the New Left, Orwell is a typical example of those who saw the world naively, as a choice between State and Monopoly capitalism. Not their fault, but not interesting.
As one who has actually read most everything Orwell wrote, I don't see that.
Bridge at Wigan's Pier, Down and Out in Paris and London, Homage to Catalan, don't point to any naivete at all.