Apprenticeships in the trades should be readily available and structured by federal law (national apprenticeship program) with safe work practices always in the forefront. Similarly pay should be structured by the feds and commensurate with the percentage of hands-on work being performed as the apprentice progresses.
Employers do better than the federal government at structuring the apprenticeship programs and deciding the pay levels. Consumers are served better as the decisions are made by the employers and employees rather than outsiders like government.
If some government role is helpful, this should be local government, and possibly some state government for (geographically) small states (but probably not large states). Politicians and bureaucrats far away are not in a good position to dictate local business decisions.
Time worked should be time compensated.
meaning hourly wage is the only allowable form of compensation? not by-the-piece? What is the point of having government interfere into such decisions?
Rather than policing employers and interfering with their business, government could make itself useful by investing more in educational programs, perhaps also hiring more teenagers who could fill some public need going unmet, and expanding general opportunities for those wanting to improve themselves. Also there are probably some benefits government should provide to poor communities and families which would reduce some of the negative conditions which drive the poor to desperation. But the bad conditions are not the fault of employers. Fixing some of the bad social conditions does not include scapegoating employers, as if they are to blame.
There is an employer-bashing bias in our culture which is doing more harm than good. This includes also the impulse to punish employers for hiring non-citizens. Even when these are paid a lower pay scale, it is still a net gain for everyone -- as those workers are made better off, and also consumers benefit from the lower-cost more competitive production.
Business makes us all better off when it's able to reduce its cost, including its labor cost.