small non-profit corporation = NOT "PEOPLE"
(e.g. philanthropic, educational organization) ?
large non-corporate business = "PEOPLE"
multimillion-dollar greedy capitalist tycoon ?
(continued from previous Wall of Text)
How do you judge who is "people" and who is not? Has the Supreme Court issued a ruling which defines who is "people" and who isn't?
You’re trying to frame this as if critics of corporate personhood are just arbitrarily deciding who counts as “people”—but that’s not what’s happening at all. The distinction isn’t about the size, wealth, or moral character of the entity—it’s about the legal nature of the entity itself.
A natural person—you, me, anyone born with rights under the Constitution—is fundamentally different from a legal person, which is a construct created by the state for practical purposes like limiting liability or organizing capital. That’s not political spin—that’s basic corporate law.
So yes, a greedy multimillionaire is still “people” under the Constitution, with all the rights and responsibilities that entails. But a nonprofit corporation, no matter how small or noble, is still a legal fiction. It may be deserving of protection in specific contexts—like due process or contract rights—but it does not automatically inherit full constitutional personhood, especially in the realm of political speech.
You ask if the Supreme Court has defined “who is people.” It has—over and over again. Natural persons are the rights-bearing individuals the Constitution was written to protect. When courts extend rights to corporations, it’s instrumental, not absolute—done to safeguard the people involved, not because the corporation itself has a soul, a vote, or a voice.
What Citizens United did was blur that line—treating an economic tool like a living citizen in the political arena. That’s not protecting liberty; it’s rewriting it in favor of power and scale.
So no, this isn’t about punishing success or elevating nonprofits—it’s about recognizing that speech and democracy belong to people, not to structures built to insulate capital from accountability.
But very often not. Certainly not in very large organizations, or local groups affiliated with a much larger organization spread across the nation or the world, where that larger group exerts power over the local affiliates. But also in a small independent cult dominated by a guru, where the members are intimidated by the leader. And also larger cults which are spread abroad and have dozens or hundreds/thousands of affiliates. Just because they're not "corporations" doesn't automatically make them transparent and democratic. Dictatorship and tyranny happens in small noncorporations also.
You can argue that the larger spread-out group is probably incorporated, but not that it therefore never has transparency or democratic participation. What about the largest corporation of all -- the nation (USA) -- it has no transparency or democratic participation? And all small local groups always do have transparency and democratic participation? No they don't -- there are many exceptions. How can you pronounce that someone has no 1st Amendment rights and isn't "people" based on this gross generalization about the kind of group they belong to?
What if that small local group is affiliated with a large national organization/corporation? Is that local affiliate entitled to be called "people" because it's transparent and democratic? and therefore entitled to 1st Amendment rights? but not the parent organization it belongs to? Isn't that small local affiliate "people"? In some cases it goes lockstep with the larger parent organization, and in other cases it opposes them. So how do you decide if that local affiliate is "people" -- it's still part of the corporate structure, but it's local and thus has "transparency and democratic participation" -- does someone take a vote to determine if they are "people" with Constitutional rights? who makes that judgment? What Supreme Court case has decided this and defined who is "people" and who is not?
How is the local NON-affiliate group "people" but not the local affiliate member group? -- it might be mainly independent and run privately but still benefits from the official incorporation. And the individual members might hardly know of the larger parent organization -- they are a small private group the same as an unaffiliated local community group having no recognized power. How is that local affiliated group not "people" entitled to 1st Amendment rights? the same as a non-affiliated group?
There are many local churches which are affiliated with a national denominational organization, and the local church-goers have no concern about the national organization and might even prefer to disconnect from it, but they don't care and so they continue for decades being affiliated, and maybe gain some economic advantage they're hardly aware of. So these locals are "people" too, aren't they? entitled to their 1st Amendment rights? Theoretically they're part of a large "corporation" -- but in reality what's the difference between these locals and some others in another church 2 blocks away which is NON-corporate?
How does that technical "corporate" label turn them into non-"people" with no 1st Amendment rights? Aren't they entitled to be protected from a hostile gov't which might want to impose some kind of censorship on them? because they're protected by the 1st Amendment?
What about a local political-action group which is affiliated with a national political party vs. another local group favoring the same national party but not officially connected? How do they differ so that the affiliated group is not really "people" and so have no 1st Amendment rights? is the latter not also entitled to the same 1st Amendment rights as the one which is officially independent but does virtually the same political-action activities? Maybe many members belong to both of them.
So the independent group does have 1st Amendment rights and the other does not? because it's not really "people"? Often there are members who are unaware of the group's affiliation with a national parent organization -- so are such members "people" because they don't know of the affiliation, while those who know of it are not "people"? so to be "people" you have to be unaware that the group you're a member of has this affiliation with a corporation? so that being protected by the 1st Amendment requires that you be ignorant of something.
You’ve written a lot, but you’ve lost the plot.
No one is arguing that small groups lose First Amendment protections just because they’re affiliated with larger entities. The point isn’t that every non-corporate group is pure and democratic while every corporation is tyrannical. That’s a strawman.
Here’s what matters:
The First Amendment protects individuals, and by extension, groups of individuals expressing themselves—like churches, clubs, political action groups, and associations. These are protected because they are ultimately grounded in natural persons exercising their rights, whether or not they are affiliated, democratic, or perfectly transparent.
That’s not what’s at stake in Citizens United.
What Citizens United did was grant independent First Amendment rights to corporations as entities, not to protect the people inside them, but to allow the corporation itself—an abstract legal structure created by the state—to spend unlimited money on political influence.
That’s the line you’re ignoring. The issue isn’t whether a local church or political group has First Amendment rights—it’s whether a state-created profit-driven legal entity, with no voting rights, no conscience, and no mortality, should be treated as a rights-bearing political speaker with the same constitutional standing as a citizen.
If the Girl Scouts issue a statement, that’s individuals speaking collectively. If ExxonMobil drops $50 million into a Senate race, that’s not speech—it’s financial force, untethered from democratic accountability. That’s the difference.
No one is saying affiliation or incorporation alone disqualifies a group from protection. What we are saying is that equating artificial entities built for profit with actual people—and giving them the full power of First Amendment political expression—is a distortion of both constitutional intent and democratic fairness.
Affiliation doesn’t erase personhood. But incorporation isn’t personhood to begin with. And pretending otherwise is how we ended up with a system where money talks louder than people.
Not always. You're generalizing -- there are many exceptions -- plus you're comparing a religious entity with a business entity engaged in commerce. The Citizens United case is about corporations vs. non-corporations (or about those having 1st Amendment rights vs. those not having them), not religious vs. commercial enterprises.
Some religions are corporations, or have non-profit corporate status. Many of those congregations are actually incorporated, or are officially affiliated with a corporation, even engage in commercial activities -- and so they too are not "people" (if corporations are not people but all other groups are)?
"Is United Methodist Church a corporation?"
"Is Southern Baptist Convention a corporation?"
According to Google Search the answer is:
United Methodist -- No, not a corporation. But
Southern Baptist Convention -- Yes, it is an official corporation. So some Church denominations are official corporations and others are not.
So then, Southern Baptists are NOT "people" because they're a corporation, while United Methodists ARE "people" because they're not incorporated?
Does that make sense? Southern Baptist churches have no 1st Amendment rights, but United Methodist churches do have 1st Amendment right? Is that what the Founding Fathers had in mind when they adopted the 1st Amendment?
So when those Southern Baptist congregations vote on a statement they are not really "people" and have no 1st Amendment protection? And their political spending is determined by executives, not by the congregation voting democratically. Your generalizations about corporate vs. non-corporate don't answer why those members are "people" only if they are unaffiliated, but not "people" if they're connected to a corporation.
You’re trying to turn this into a debate about organizational paperwork rather than constitutional principle.
No one is saying that members of a religious congregation lose their First Amendment rights if their church is incorporated. That’s a complete distortion of the argument. The First Amendment protects individuals—and that protection extends to people associating together, whether in a church, nonprofit, or club, incorporated or not. The incorporation status doesn’t erase their humanity or their right to speak, assemble, or worship.
But Citizens United wasn’t about protecting people in a church from censorship. It was about whether the corporation itself—as a legal, non-human entity—has the independent right to spend unlimited amounts of money to influence elections. That’s a very different question.
You keep bringing up churches, but Citizens United wasn’t about churches. It was about for-profit commercial corporations—entities whose structure, purpose, and governance are designed for economic power, not democratic expression.
When a church issues a statement, it’s generally understood as the expression of a community of people, even if incorporated for legal protection. When ExxonMobil or Pfizer spends tens of millions on election ads, that’s not people voting—that’s a small board of executives leveraging institutional wealth to influence public policy.
Your examples conflate associational rights of people within a structure (which are protected) with corporate personhood (which is the legal fiction expanded in Citizens United). Incorporation is a legal tool, not a declaration of personhood. And the First Amendment protects people, not tools.
So no—the Southern Baptist Convention doesn’t lose its First Amendment protections because it’s incorporated. But ExxonMobil gaining political speech rights as if it were a citizen? That’s not constitutional consistency—that’s legal opportunism wrapped in free speech language.
That’s the difference. And no amount of dodging through edge cases or Google searches changes the core issue: Citizens United shifted political power from people to entities never intended to have it.
But that also describes many church congregations which have the higher-up corporate power imposed onto them. So that local congregation is not "people" and has no 1st Amendment rights? So the affiliated Baptist Church on this block is not really "people" and has no 1st Amendment rights, while the one 2 blocks away is really "people" and do have rights, because they're an independent entity? How can you arbitrarily brand some as "people" and others not "people" only because of this technical difference, when otherwise the 2 congregations may be virtually the same by any measure?
You’re still missing the point—and at this stage, it looks less like confusion and more like intentional misdirection.
No one is branding church congregations as “not people.” That’s a strawman argument. The First Amendment protects individuals—and that protection extends to their associational expression, whether they’re part of an independent church or one affiliated with a national denomination, whether incorporated or not.
The issue isn’t affiliation. It’s not incorporation. It’s not even the existence of hierarchy.
It’s this: in Citizens United, the corporation itself—a legal structure created for commercial purposes, not for civic participation—was granted independent political speech rights, meaning it could spend unlimited amounts of money to influence elections, as if it were a natural person with beliefs, conscience, and citizenship.
That’s not the same as a congregation voting on a public statement. That’s not even the same as a hierarchical denomination issuing a collective position. Those are still expressions of actual people, even if the internal process isn’t perfectly democratic.
But when a multinational corporation with no human identity, no vote, and no accountability to citizens uses its massive economic engine to tilt the political playing field, that is not speech in the democratic sense. That’s institutional force, and Citizens United wrongly called it “free expression.”
So your repeated examples of churches—incorporated or not—do not map onto the kind of power that Citizens United unleashed. Churches may speak for members. Corporations speak for capital. That’s the difference, and no amount of false equivalence will erase it.
But this is a gross generalization. Those small "voluntary civic groups" also are part of a high-up corporation, in many cases. And there are many small corporations -- tens of thousands of them -- which are just as democratic as the ideal local voluntary church, or even more democratic.
You're giving no reason why the corporate entities are somehow not really "people" in comparison to non-corporations. So some corporations get huge and undemocratic, but many others do not. How do you arbitrarily cast all of them into the non-"people" category and insist that they have no 1st Amendment rights? just because they chose to incorporate? or didn't choose to dis-incorporate?
You’re trying to defend a legal fiction by pointing out exceptions, but exceptions don’t erase the rule.
Yes, there are small corporations that are democratic. No one denies that. But the Citizens United decision wasn’t about mom-and-pop shops or tiny nonprofits—it created a constitutional right for all corporations, regardless of size, purpose, or structure, to spend unlimited money on elections, as if they were natural persons.
That’s not a generalization. That’s the ruling.
The concern isn’t that small corporations exist—it’s that Citizens United erased the distinction between economic entities and human beings in the political sphere. It didn’t say, “Only democratic corporations get speech rights.” It said corporate identity doesn’t matter at all—and in doing so, it opened the floodgates for massive institutional power to drown out real human voices.
You keep asking how corporations aren’t “people.” Here’s the answer, again: because they’re not. They’re legal tools, created by filing paperwork with the state. They have no conscience, no mortality, no right to vote, no capacity to serve jury duty or be imprisoned. Their “speech” isn’t the expression of beliefs—it’s a strategic use of capital, often deployed without consent from shareholders or employees.
Yes, individuals within a corporation have First Amendment rights. But the corporation itself is not entitled to the same political freedoms as a citizen, especially when those rights are used to convert financial resources into political dominance.
You can keep pointing to edge cases, but the principle stands: the Constitution protects people, not legal constructs. Incorporation is a legal convenience—not a license to buy elections. And that’s what Citizens United turned it into.
But aren't corporate executives engaging in civic discourse when they make their decisions -- so why aren't they also protected by the 1st Amendment the same the private club? You said they're not "people" because the opinions are not "unanimous" -- and yet those corporate executives (maybe a minority) are also individuals engaging in civic discourse, and you're using jargon to exclude them differently into a non-"people" category. You said:
How does a corporation have an opinion to express unless it is explicitly unanimous?
And thus -- whatever the above means -- corporations are not “people” but a "legal construction" with no rights, as the collective "opinion" is imposed onto individual members in some way that non-corporate groups do not -- And yet the same is true of many NON-corporate private clubs because some dominating members who run the club choose to publish their opinions at the club's expense, while other members oppose it, so it's
not unanimous which is partly what makes the corporations not "people" according to you -- that's part of your explanation why they cannot have 1st Amendment rights.
How can being unanimous be the criterion for putting them in the "people" category? or being transparent, or democratic? This does not distinguish corporate from noncorporate groups. You can't deny the "people" status to a corporation by just saying they're "explicitly unanimous" -- this jargon does not say how a corporate group becomes different than "people" and thus loses 1st Amendment rights -- it doesn't say how every corporation big or small is this non-human alien entity which has to be denied rights granted to non-corporate groups, which also run roughshod over the minority in many cases.
There might be a practical reason to divide everyone into rich and poor classes in some cases, and impose some terms onto those in the rich category. But not corporate vs. non-corporate. Whatever you're claiming is "people" or not "people" -- it's not that one is corporate and the other noncorporate.
You’re conflating individuals within corporations with the corporation itself—and that’s exactly the confusion Citizens United exploited.
Of course corporate executives are individuals, and of course they have First Amendment rights. No one is denying that. They can speak, vote, donate, protest, and engage in civic discourse however they want—as individuals.
But that’s not what Citizens United was about.
The ruling gave the corporation itself, as a separate legal entity, the power to spend unlimited money to influence elections—not to protect an executive’s right to speak, but to empower a non-human entity to act as if it were a citizen in the political process.
You keep asking, “Why isn’t a corporation ‘people’?” The answer is simple: because it’s not a person. It’s a state-created legal fiction, designed to organize capital and shield individuals from liability. It doesn’t vote, it doesn’t bleed, it doesn’t bear moral responsibility. It’s not “denied” rights—it never had them. Rights aren’t something you hand out to tools.
Unanimity was never offered as a requirement for group expression. It was used to highlight the fact that, in a corporation, political decisions are made by a small elite—not by the shareholders, not by the employees, not by any democratic vote. And when those decisions affect elections, they carry massive financial weight that individuals can’t possibly match.
You’re trying to collapse all groups—clubs, churches, corporations—into one category, ignoring purpose, structure, scale, and legal status. But the law itself doesn’t treat them the same. That’s why corporations get tax treatment, liability protection, and operational privileges that clubs and churches don’t.
You say the division shouldn’t be corporate vs. non-corporate—but that’s exactly what Citizens United made it: a legal decision that removed all distinctions and elevated corporations to the level of natural persons in political speech.
So here’s the line: the Constitution protects people, not property structures. And when we pretend otherwise, we don’t expand freedom—we auction it off to the highest bidder.
NHC