Nobody has claimed it's stopped cold.
You said it needed 100% backup from conventional sources. That is a claim that it is stopped cold.
I don't have any good data on power production when it goes behind clouds but we can get a decent back of the envelope from photography:
No, we can't. Partly because you're looking at visual light intensity, and not power generation, but mainly because this doesn't touch your core assumption here - that solar panels are designed for cloudless days and anything short of that results in an unexpected hole that has to be plugged somehow. Or to put it another way, that solar power is designed by idiots.
I'm in a country where horizon to horizon cloud is normal. We manage to use solar power just fine. Therefore your contention that some special measure must be taken when clouds appear is nonsense.
The darkest of clouds will drop the production below what the inverter needs to run.