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The role of the media in the measles outbreak

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Back in the late 70s, a documentary series called In Search Of... came out. I remember reading something in the news about the documentary series. Apparently, people were upset that the show included a lot of pseudoscientific nonsense and was presenting it the same way as academically credible information was presented in other documentaries.

In Search Of... made enough money that lots of other documentary makers have fallen suit. To name one infamous example, the fairly recent documentaries on the History Channel that covered the  ancient aliens topic in a wildly irresponsible manner. While this was the source of a particularly funny Internet meme, the fact that a documentary channel presents this stuff as facts to the public and takes those "experts" seriously undermines the public's ability to discern between science and pseudoscience, and this blurring effect has been going on for decades now.

Have you noticed that anti-science sentiments have been growing since the 1970s? Liberals have wild health claims about GMO and "organic" foods. Conservatives have an ever-growing list of established science they deny: anthropogenic climate change, evolution, big bang cosmology, the relationship between gun ownership rates and gun violence rates, etc. All of the above-mentioned anti-science movements propose ridiculous conspiracy theories to explain why the consensus opinion of the relevant academic field disagrees with them.

I don't think it's just documentary makers that have been blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience. The journalists contribute to this as well with their recent obsession with being "unbiased" and always dutifully presenting the "other side" as being equally valid even when the other side claims that the universe was created thousands of years after the domestication of the dog. On almost any topic they will present both sides as having experts whose opinions are equally valid.

Is it any wonder that the public has so much difficulty discerning between science and pseudoscience these days? Is it any wonder they think some random kook on an anti-vaccine web site knows as much about vaccines as immunologists? After all, the media has presented an endless parade of "experts" using equally batty arguments to support claims that GMO produce will make you sick or that evolution is an atheist plot by a tiny number of radical scientists or that anthropogenic climate change is the result of a vast international money-making conspiracy that involves over 90% of the scientists on the planet and is being run from an obscure school in the UK.

I posit to you that because documentary makers and journalists (and perhaps other parts of the media) have been blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience for so long that the public is simply losing the ability to discern real facts from pure quackery, real scientists from brain dead politicians who claim scientific expertise. I suspect this is why the number of anti-science movements on both the right and left seem to grow every year, and why so many people are willing to give enormous credibility to people who have very little understanding of the subjects on which they pontificate.

I suspect that the media made this measles outbreak inevitable, and that we will probably see even more anti-science movements spawn in the next ten years. At this point, the public has been trained by the media to regard random kooks as having opinions that are just as valid as the consensus opinion from the relevant academic field, so when some soccer mom visits an anti-vax web site, she has no way of discerning what she reads from real opinions from real experts.

Anyway, I realize that I'm hanging all of this on very little information, anecdotal observation, and at least one post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, so I'm wondering what you guys think. Does the media play a role in the growth of anti-science movements? Did they inadvertently play a role in the measles outbreak by giving so much credibility to quacks over the years? Or am I grasping at straws here?
 
It seems broadly credible. Certainly I don't observe the same effect over here in the UK which is a fairly similar society with very different media.

More generally, we've always had a difficulty with US science shows. In particular the insistance on the presenter's part to dictate to the audiance how they should feel about what they're seeing. So in a US show about a volcano we have a breathless announcer talking about 'the awesome power and majesty of the volcano', while in the UK, they show a scientist trying to take a lava sample while wearing a protective suit, and point out that the reason he's ducking and dodging like that is because the suit wouldn't protect them against a direct hit.

More generally, US TV seems to assume the disinterest of the audiance up front, and tries to capture their attention every few seconds in order to prevent them switching off. UK TV assumes that the viewer is interested up front, and if they want to watch TV, they'll pick it up as they go along. This may be because US viewer generally have far more broadcast channels to choose from, and an absurdly high ratio of programs to ads. UK TV still has very few broadcast channels (i.e. broad interest, varied) channels, and a far lower tolerence for ads. So if you're sitting there, you're going to put some effort in. Even more generally, the US never seemed to get over the anti-intellectualism of the 1960s and 70s, and appearing intelligent and well-informed in public is still grounds for suspicion, which makes a straight science program possibly a harder sell?

I'm basically speculating here. Any thoughts?
 
I suspect that the media made this measles outbreak inevitable, and that we will probably see even more anti-science movements spawn in the next ten years. At this point, the public has been trained by the media to regard random kooks as having opinions that are just as valid as the consensus opinion from the relevant academic field, so when some soccer mom visits an anti-vax web site, she has no way of discerning what she reads from real opinions from real experts.

Anyway, I realize that I'm hanging all of this on very little information, anecdotal observation, and at least one post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, so I'm wondering what you guys think. Does the media play a role in the growth of anti-science movements? Did they inadvertently play a role in the measles outbreak by giving so much credibility to quacks over the years? Or am I grasping at straws here?

I agree with you that the "both sides get a turn" journalism exacerbates this terribly. I wish real journalists would care about being real.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

Granted, but finally Wakefield was completely discredited and he lost his medical license. The system worked, slowly, but it worked. The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

Granted, but finally Wakefield was completely discredited and he lost his medical license. The system worked, slowly, but it worked.

Not well. The loss of his medical license was linked to his research findings by the GMC, in order to discredit them, when it was technically the result of his treatment of patients, thus leaving it open to accusations of political interference in medical research. The 'system' was pretty much a balls up from start to finish. It's hard to pin that on the media, which was (in the UK) only as inconsistent as the information they had access to. There was the usual scaremongering in the usual places, but it only went beyond that because hard information was inconsistent or unavailable.

I'm not aware the peer review was particularly flawed. Do you have examples?

The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.

Which should have been the central point. This guy has a theory, no one has yet confirmed it, let's not all panic here. Instead it turned into a public witchhunt against Wakefield personally, which helped to publicise the event as a 'controversy'.
 
Obama coming out against vaccinations would help solve at least a portion of the problem.

The source bias is ridiculous in this. Paul is a hero for calling out the issue, and then a collaborator the Pharmaceutical industry for getting a booster.
 
It seems broadly credible. Certainly I don't observe the same effect over here in the UK which is a fairly similar society with very different media.

More generally, we've always had a difficulty with US science shows. In particular the insistance on the presenter's part to dictate to the audiance how they should feel about what they're seeing. So in a US show about a volcano we have a breathless announcer talking about 'the awesome power and majesty of the volcano', while in the UK, they show a scientist trying to take a lava sample while wearing a protective suit, and point out that the reason he's ducking and dodging like that is because the suit wouldn't protect them against a direct hit.

More generally, US TV seems to assume the disinterest of the audiance up front, and tries to capture their attention every few seconds in order to prevent them switching off. UK TV assumes that the viewer is interested up front, and if they want to watch TV, they'll pick it up as they go along. This may be because US viewer generally have far more broadcast channels to choose from, and an absurdly high ratio of programs to ads. UK TV still has very few broadcast channels (i.e. broad interest, varied) channels, and a far lower tolerence for ads. So if you're sitting there, you're going to put some effort in. Even more generally, the US never seemed to get over the anti-intellectualism of the 1960s and 70s, and appearing intelligent and well-informed in public is still grounds for suspicion, which makes a straight science program possibly a harder sell?

I'm basically speculating here. Any thoughts?

I hope you'll forgive me, but I didn't mean to be so US-centric.

Of course the UK and France have very different media, but still have a fair number of anti-vax idiots. Then again, even if France and the UK share in this particular idiocy, they do not seem to have nearly as many anti-science movements as the US has.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

While I would consider them part of the "media" (in this case, I'm using the term broadly enough to include documentary makers), I'm trying to find out if the media plays a role in blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience in the minds of the public such that the public lacks the ability to discern between real experts and random kooks on the Internet.

I know that Wakefield is the more direct cause, but if I'm right, then the media fertilized the field and changed the public in a way that made them more vulnerable to huxters and less likely to listen to the real experts.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

While I would consider them part of the "media" (in this case, I'm using the term broadly enough to include documentary makers), I'm trying to find out if the media plays a role in blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience in the minds of the public such that the public lacks the ability to discern between real experts and random kooks on the Internet.

I know that Wakefield is the more direct cause, but if I'm right, then the media fertilized the field and changed the public in a way that made them more vulnerable to huxters and less likely to listen to the real experts.

If you count Jenny McCarthy going on Oprah, then yes, I think the media does go way past what science has established. It also talks a lot about celebrity diets and such resulting in Gluten-free fads and the like.

And the nightly news is justifiably famous for it's "Which of your common kitchen items is probably causing you cancer as we speak? Stay tuned after the sports and weather to find out." style of reporting.

But even the less salacious and more careful media could have cited an article appearing in The Lancet in this particular case.

Since vaccination rates are down appreciably and relatively few people read the lancet first hand it seems certain the media coverage has had some effect.
 
While I would consider them part of the "media" (in this case, I'm using the term broadly enough to include documentary makers), I'm trying to find out if the media plays a role in blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience in the minds of the public such that the public lacks the ability to discern between real experts and random kooks on the Internet.

I know that Wakefield is the more direct cause, but if I'm right, then the media fertilized the field and changed the public in a way that made them more vulnerable to huxters and less likely to listen to the real experts.

If you count Jenny McCarthy going on Oprah, then yes, I think the media does go way past what science has established. It also talks a lot about celebrity diets and such resulting in Gluten-free fads and the like.

And the nightly news is justifiably famous for it's "Which of your common kitchen items is probably causing you cancer as we speak? Stay tuned after the sports and weather to find out." style of reporting.

But even the less salacious and more careful media could have cited an article appearing in The Lancet in this particular case.

Since vaccination rates are down appreciably and relatively few people read the lancet first hand it seems certain the media coverage has had some effect.

The Lancet article is not what I am talking about.

I'm trying to see what role the media plays in blurring the lines between legitimate experts and people like this:

9148130.jpg


In light of that, is it any wonder people take quacks like Wakefield or Monckton seriously?
 
In light of that, is it any wonder people take quacks like Wakefield or Monckton seriously?

They don't take it as a given they are quacks. In Jenny McCarthy's case her son was diagnosed with autism shortly after getting the MMR vaccine, there was the as not yet debunked Lancet article, and people are drawn to nice clean explanations for the problems in their lives. Since you have been here a while, you may have noticed that once people have formed an opinion they will go to absurd lengths to defend and support it.

Next it so happens that Jenny McCarthy is a person whose charm and magnificent breasts (not her scientific acumen) have given her a media platform to spread her views about. We also had 9/11 truther Rosie O'Donnell telling us "fire doesn't melt steel" in similar media outlets. I always wondered how she thought we made it into ingots.
 
Granted, but finally Wakefield was completely discredited and he lost his medical license. The system worked, slowly, but it worked.

Not well. The loss of his medical license was linked to his research findings by the GMC, in order to discredit them, when it was technically the result of his treatment of patients, thus leaving it open to accusations of political interference in medical research. The 'system' was pretty much a balls up from start to finish. It's hard to pin that on the media, which was (in the UK) only as inconsistent as the information they had access to. There was the usual scaremongering in the usual places, but it only went beyond that because hard information was inconsistent or unavailable.

I'm not aware the peer review was particularly flawed. Do you have examples?

The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.

Which should have been the central point. This guy has a theory, no one has yet confirmed it, let's not all panic here. Instead it turned into a public witchhunt against Wakefield personally, which helped to publicise the event as a 'controversy'.

All I was saying is that Wakefield's paper had to pass through peer review in order to be published. The peer review should have caught at least a whiff of impropriety. Especially given the controversial nature of the findings. The journal and most of the co-authors disavowed the paper.

The General Medical Council found that large parts of the paper was falsified. The loss of his medical license was based on his mistreatment of his patients, the disabled children who participated in the study. I don't remember the details but he preformed procedures on his research subjects that had no apparent connection to the research.
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

Well, virus manufacturers certainly should be sued at a minimum. In some cases nuke-from-orbit wouldn't be overkill. (Why is this expression even considered overkill, anyway? She was proposing the correct course of action in the situation.)


Now, if you're talking about vaccine manufacturers....
 
I think if by "media" you mean the Oprah/Jenny McCarthy/Today Show crowd there is a point. That seems to be the hotbed.

However, the original "study" that is responsible for much of this appeared in the respectable UK medical journal The Lancet and was done by a Dr. at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Who was later found to be taking money from trial lawyers suing virus manufacturers.

Granted, but finally Wakefield was completely discredited and he lost his medical license. The system worked, slowly, but it worked. The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.

Life-without-parole would have been more appropriate. I consider him a mass murderer.
 
While I would consider them part of the "media" (in this case, I'm using the term broadly enough to include documentary makers), I'm trying to find out if the media plays a role in blurring the lines between science and pseudoscience in the minds of the public such that the public lacks the ability to discern between real experts and random kooks on the Internet.

I know that Wakefield is the more direct cause, but if I'm right, then the media fertilized the field and changed the public in a way that made them more vulnerable to huxters and less likely to listen to the real experts.

If you count Jenny McCarthy going on Oprah, then yes, I think the media does go way past what science has established. It also talks a lot about celebrity diets and such resulting in Gluten-free fads and the like.

And the nightly news is justifiably famous for it's "Which of your common kitchen items is probably causing you cancer as we speak? Stay tuned after the sports and weather to find out." style of reporting.

But even the less salacious and more careful media could have cited an article appearing in The Lancet in this particular case.

Since vaccination rates are down appreciably and relatively few people read the lancet first hand it seems certain the media coverage has had some effect.

Yes, the media and its ”if it bleeds it leads" approach to the news is the main culprit in this tale. There isn't much of a story when things work as they should. When corporations and governments behave responsibly.

It isn't so much that the media has a partisan agenda as they have a need to exploit the news, to over hype controversies for example.
 
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Not well. The loss of his medical license was linked to his research findings by the GMC, in order to discredit them, when it was technically the result of his treatment of patients, thus leaving it open to accusations of political interference in medical research. The 'system' was pretty much a balls up from start to finish. It's hard to pin that on the media, which was (in the UK) only as inconsistent as the information they had access to. There was the usual scaremongering in the usual places, but it only went beyond that because hard information was inconsistent or unavailable.

I'm not aware the peer review was particularly flawed. Do you have examples?

The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.

Which should have been the central point. This guy has a theory, no one has yet confirmed it, let's not all panic here. Instead it turned into a public witchhunt against Wakefield personally, which helped to publicise the event as a 'controversy'.

All I was saying is that Wakefield's paper had to pass through peer review in order to be published. The peer review should have caught at least a whiff of impropriety. Especially given the controversial nature of the findings.

I've got to disagree with you there. The standard to be met for controvertial findings should be exactly the same as for non-conrovertial findings. Without exceptions.

The journal and most of the co-authors disavowed the paper.

The General Medical Council found that large parts of the paper was falsified.

Which is why it was disavowed. However, peer review of the paper itself can't reasonably pick up that it was falsified, since they only have what is written to go on. Sometimes there are clues, but I don't think it's reasonable to expect peer review to pick that up every time.

The loss of his medical license was based on his mistreatment of his patients, the disabled children who participated in the study. I don't remember the details but he preformed procedures on his research subjects that had no apparent connection to the research.

As I understand it, he took his samples from children while they were at children's parties, on an ad hoc basis. As a result his samples were not truly randomised, and ended up being heavily biased towards children known to already fit the criteria people knew he was looking for. Calling that 'falsified' is a bit strong I think, since there are any number of scientists who get away with weak controls and treating self-selecting samples as random, and don't get called out on it. Certainly he acted wrongly, and great many people suffered as a result.
 
As I understand it, he took his samples from children while they were at children's parties, on an ad hoc basis. As a result his samples were not truly randomised, and ended up being heavily biased towards children known to already fit the criteria people knew he was looking for. Calling that 'falsified' is a bit strong I think, since there are any number of scientists who get away with weak controls and treating self-selecting samples as random, and don't get called out on it. Certainly he acted wrongly, and great many people suffered as a result.

And he did this while being funded by trial lawyers suing the vaccine companies, which he did not disclose.

In any case, a medical journal that aspires to be respectable should not publish a study with a methodology that is obviously flawed.
 
Not well. The loss of his medical license was linked to his research findings by the GMC, in order to discredit them, when it was technically the result of his treatment of patients, thus leaving it open to accusations of political interference in medical research. The 'system' was pretty much a balls up from start to finish. It's hard to pin that on the media, which was (in the UK) only as inconsistent as the information they had access to. There was the usual scaremongering in the usual places, but it only went beyond that because hard information was inconsistent or unavailable.

I'm not aware the peer review was particularly flawed. Do you have examples?

The peer review was an obvious problem but no one could duplicate Wakefield's results.

Which should have been the central point. This guy has a theory, no one has yet confirmed it, let's not all panic here. Instead it turned into a public witchhunt against Wakefield personally, which helped to publicise the event as a 'controversy'.

All I was saying is that Wakefield's paper had to pass through peer review in order to be published. The peer review should have caught at least a whiff of impropriety. Especially given the controversial nature of the findings. The journal and most of the co-authors disavowed the paper.

The General Medical Council found that large parts of the paper was falsified. The loss of his medical license was based on his mistreatment of his patients, the disabled children who participated in the study. I don't remember the details but he preformed procedures on his research subjects that had no apparent connection to the research.

First of all, the nature of the fraud Wakefield committed was relatively new. As a direct result of Wakefield's paper, peer review panels now know what to look for.

Also, most people seem to have this attitude that anything that is published can be considered a reliable conclusion, when in fact getting published is the start of the peer review process. I'm not sure if that's what you're doing here, but if you are you should know that most papers that get published in medical journals turn out to be wrong.
 
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