The myth of shareholder value
is an economic religion. It is the curtain which hides the real Oz from us. "Maximizing shareholder value" is a euphemism for enriching the executives with as much as they can take.
Time to put an end to the cult of shareholder value
Paul Polman, the CEO of Unilever, thinks American-style capitalism is broken, and he blames, in good part, the cult of shareholder value that has been all the rage since the 1980s. Since taking the helm in 2009 of the Anglo-Dutch consumer products giant that owns Ben & Jerry’s ice cream, Dove soap and Lipton tea, Polman has eliminated quarterly profit reports, refused to give earnings guidance to analysts and informed hedge funds that they will not be indulged.
He has railed against the theories of economists and biz-school gurus like Milton Friedman, Michael Jensen and Lucian Bebchuk, the high apostles of shareholder power and democracy. “The very essence of capitalism is under threat as business is now seen as a personal wealth accumulator,” Polman said recently. “We have to bring this world back to sanity and put the greater good ahead of self-interest.”
Shareholder Value disciples such as David Einhorn are able to use the tenets of Shareholder Value to force companies like Apple to use the vast, vast majority of its liquid assets (over $121 billion back in 2012) to do unproductive things like payout huge dividends or engage in one the worst uses of corporate money: stock buyback programs.
If anything, the obsession with “maximizing” shareholder value has taken on the status of a major religion, so much so that shareholders who have owned a stock for a week—hedge funds, for instance—are demanding instant spoils.
In 2010, hedge fund manager extraordinaire David Einhorn of Greenlight Capital scooped up the first of his now 2.4 million Apple shares and, dazzled by the company’s treasure chest of liquid assets—more than $121 billion (all currency in U.S. dollars) at the end of fiscal 2012—launched his gunboats. Apple CEO Tim Cook at first paid little attention to Einhorn’s demands. But he finally relented earlier this year, pledging $100 billion to shareholders in the form of share buybacks and dividends by the end of 2015. Welcome to the “financialization” of a company that had a history of putting innovation first, shareholders second.
The myth of shareholder value, only around since the 1980s when it was first handed down from the top of Mt. Chicago School of Economics to the executive masses by its high priest Milton Friedman, gives us events like
Deepwater Horizon and Exxon Valdez.
Shareholder value thinking is endemic in the business world today. Fifty years ago, if you had asked the directors or CEO of a large public company what the company’s purpose was, you might have been told the corporation had many purposes: to provide equity investors with solid returns, but also to build great products, to provide decent livelihoods for employees, and to contribute to the community and the nation. Today, you are likely to be told the company has but one purpose, to maximize its shareholders’ wealth. This sort of thinking drives directors and executives to run public firms like BP with a relentless focus on raising stock price. In the quest to “unlock shareholder value” they sell key assets, fire loyal employees, and ruthlessly squeeze the workforce that remains; cut back on product support, customer assistance, and research and development; delay replacing outworn, outmoded, and unsafe equipment; shower CEOs with stock options and expensive pay packages to “incentivize” them; drain cash reserves to pay large dividends and repurchase company shares, leveraging firms until they teeter on the brink of insolvency; and lobby regulators and Congress to change the law so they can chase short-term profits speculating in credit default swaps and other high-risk financial derivatives. They do these things even though many individual directors and executives feel uneasy about such strategies, intuiting that a single-minded focus on share price may not serve the interests of society, the company, or shareholders themselves.
Maximizing shareholder value should go the way of the Dodo bird. It is the engine that drives short term thinking among corporate executives. It leads to less and less innovation from corporations (see Apple example). It leads to environmental disaster since even though in the long run environmental and safety shortcuts will be much more expensive for the company, i.e. shareholders, in the short run it can be quite profitable.
And what class of people are the shareholders? Typically the upper executives have large chunks of company shares and have extravagant financial incentives to engage in short term Shareholder Value thinking.
There is no reason why they should pay their employees more than they have to
More than they have to according to whom?
and what they have to pay is largely a matter of the skill-level of the employee.
That's bullshit. What companies pay employees has very little to do with the skill level of the employee. It has to do with how little they can get away with paying.
You cannot pay workers more than they produce.
Marginal productivity? Another myth of the neoclassicals /Austrians that has no bearing in the real world of corporations and how they pay their employees. But, coincidentally(?), it does act as another awesome smokescreen behind which executives can hide their greed and malfeasance.