Joseph Francois and Laura M. Baughman, economists at consulting group The Trade Partnership, found in a recent study that the number of jobs lost in industries that rely on steel and aluminum to produce goods would far outweigh the jobs protected in the metals industry.
"The tariffs and retaliation would increase U.S. steel employment and non-ferrous metals (primarily aluminum) employment by 26,346 jobs, but cost a net of 495,136 jobs throughout the rest of the economy, for a total net loss of nearly 470,000 jobs," the study said.
Other economists estimated that the net loss would be somewhat smaller, but almost no major study showed that the tariffs would result in a net boost to employment.
Mary Amiti, Sebastian Heise, and Noah Kwicklis, economists at the New York Federal Reserve, could not pinpoint the exact number of jobs that could be lost from the tariffs. But they said the overall change was relatively clear.
"Although it is difficult to say exactly how many jobs will be affected, given the history of protecting industries with import tariffs, we can conclude that the 25 percent steel tariff is likely to cost more jobs than it saves," the economists wrote.
On an individual industry level, the tariffs could be devastating for some US workers. Benn Steil and Benjamin Della Rocca, trade experts at the Council on Foreign Relations, estimated that up to 40,000 auto workers could lose their jobs as a result of the steel tariffs alone.
"Employment in the US auto industry will suffer from Trump's tariffs to a vastly greater degree than it could possibly benefit in the US steel industry," Steil and Della Rocca wrote.
Real-world implications from the tariffs have already been evident. According to an analysis by the Wall Street Journal, job growth in the top steel-producing metro areas is well below the pace for the broader US. In fact, four of the top 10 steel producing areas in the US actually saw declines in employment, compared to a 1.6% employment growth average for the nation as a whole, since the tariffs were originally announced in March.