A past intelligence would most certainly show up in the fossil record.
How so? I'm not saying that it wouldn't. I want some reason to suppose that that would be the case.
Like where I state that I think that bricks and cinderblocks and glass objects and ceramic objects will survive.
A species as roughly as widespread and numerous as ourselves is likely to show up in the fossil record. We have not yet found anything with sufficiently big brains. It would be odd for them not to reproduce in sufficient numbers for that: to develop a technological civilization they need curiosity, which will very probably result in exploration and habitation of most of the planet - and beyond, eventually.
study said:
If an industrial civilization had existed on Earth many millions of years prior to our own era, what traces would it have left and would they be detectable today? We summarize the likely geological fingerprint of the Anthropocene, and demonstrate that while clear, it will not differ greatly in many respects from other known events in the geological record. We then propose tests that could plausibly distinguish an industrial cause from an otherwise naturally occurring climate event.
But a question is: what are the odds that an industrial civilization will stay confined to Earth?
Seem to me they're very low. If, our civilization lasts for, say, 1000 more years, it is almost certain that it will leave considerably large structures, vehicles, etc., in places in which there is very little erosion, such as the Moon, Mars, or just orbiting the Sun in any of many possible orbits, or the Earth or Mars, etc., in orbits that do not decay, and so on. Moreover, it's hard to see how a civilization like that would be wiped out, other than massive interplanetary warfare, which again would leave traces all over the solar system - though that sort of war, too, is pretty improbable.
While we have only began to explore the solar system, the lack of any big structures found so far seems to also be good evidence against the hypothesis.