Unsurprisingly, men dominated as offenders for all motives considered in the research.
In particular, homicides driven by concealment and jealousy were all committed by males, followed closely by conviction/hate, revenge, and thrill.
While the prevalence of each of these types of homicide changes (for instance, revenge homicides are far more common than thrill kills), men engage in homicide for the full spectrum of reasons.
So why do women kill?
Although homicide is predominantly male perpetrated, of the cases investigated women most often killed for gain or what they perceived as "love", and for the most part targeted those closest to them.
Gain homicides are those committed for personal benefit, such as money or business and personal advantage. The homicides committed by women for gain in the sample were mostly carried out for insurance payouts, assets, or due to being removed from a will following a divorce, and generally involved the partners of the women.
This goes against how we often view female killers.
Homicide of a male partner is not always motivated by a history of domestic abuse, which again challenges and adds to much of the previous literature.
On the other hand, "love" homicides (as opposed to "lust" homicides) are those committed to remove the victim from a situation perceived by the offender as "worse than death". Assisted suicides fall under this definition.
The women in this sample predominantly killed their young children, for one of two reasons.
- The first was because they believed death was in the best interest of the child due to a misbelief stemming from mental illness, or a genuine fear for the welfare of the child; or
- The second was when the mother intended to take her own life and couldn't bear the thought of leaving the children behind, believing they could not survive without her.
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Given homicide is far more complex than whittling women's motives down to just two — there are cases for which the female offender's motive was revenge, thrill, and conviction/hate, however these were significantly less prevalent.
Perhaps this makes the most sense from an evolutionary standpoint or with traditional gender roles in mind; women seemingly most often act when their security is threatened and they engage in self-preservation (a gain homicide) or when they believe they are committing the ultimate act of kindness and love.
In contrast, the concealment and jealousy homicides involved only male offenders. This may indicate a propensity for men to be more motivated by jealousy of their partner's perceived infidelities than by monetary envy. It may also reflect the tendency of men to engage in more criminal behaviour than women.