Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, also known as Plan Cóndor; Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a United States-backed campaign of political repression and state terrorism,[10] involving intelligence operations, CIA-backed coups, as well as assassinations of left-wing and socialist leaders in South America from 1968 to 1989.[11][12] Operation Condor was officially and formally implemented in November 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America.[13]
Due to its clandestine nature, the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor is highly disputed. Some estimates are that at least 60,000 deaths can be attributed to Condor,[8] with up to 30,000 of these in Argentina.[14][15] The Archives of Terror list 50,000 killed, 30,000 disappeared and 400,000 imprisoned.[9][16] Additionally, American political scientist J. Patrice McSherry gives a figure of at least 402 killed in Condor operations which crossed national borders in a 2002 source,[10] and mentions in a 2009 source that of those who "had gone into exile" and were "kidnapped, tortured and killed in allied countries or illegally transferred to their home countries to be executed ... hundreds, or thousands, of such persons—the number still has not been finally determined—were abducted, tortured, and murdered in Condor operations."[17] Victims included dissidents and leftists, union and peasant leaders, priests, monks and nuns, students and teachers, intellectuals, and suspected guerrillas.[10]