Let’s hear from Steven Hawking on this matter (not that it’s right BECAUSE he says it, but his credentials are certainly relevant, and, anyway, I have my own critique of him appended at the end):
Hawking thinks that realism is a “naïve view of reality” that “is not compatible with modern physics” (16). His argument is first that “our brains interpret the input by our sensory organs by making a model of the world” (16). This implies that our perceived world is brain or mind dependent and therefore just a model of world – a different mind-brain would produce a different model. In addition, when theorizing about that perceived world in physics, we build models of the unperceived entities that are behind the observable phenomena and generate them. However, there is usually more than one model or theory available for the same domain with the same predictive accuracy, but with different fundamental elements and concepts (60). We can use whichever model or theory is more convenient, and therefore “one cannot be said to be more real than the other” (16). In the philosophy of science, this argument is known as “the underdetermination of scientific theories” and was first articulated in the early 20th century by the French physicist, historian, and philosopher of science Pierre Duhem. The result of this fundamental multiplicity of empirically adequate models is that for Hawking, “there is no picture- or theory independent concept of reality.
Bolds by me
Here is a quote not from the article above, but from the Hawking book to which it refers:
There might be one history in which the moon is made of Roquefort cheese. But we have observed that the moon is not made of cheese, which is bad news for mice. Hence histories in which the moon is made of cheese do not contribute to the present state of our universe, though they might contribute to others. That might sound like science fiction, but it isn’t.
Note that in this very same book, as the article mentions, and on page one at that (I read the book), Hawking declares, “Philosophy is dead.”
Philosophy is dead? The idea that there is a version of reality in which the moon is made of Roquefort cheese (i.e., scientific anti-realism) is the very
epitome of of philosophy. Also, since philosophy is much more than just the philosophy of science, I’ve no idea where Hawking came up with the idea that “philosophy is dead.”
I could be wrong but I think what Hawking is saying is that we can't access reality directly. I have no qualms with that. But this doesn't touch on the quality of theory we do have about reality. All it says is that our understanding of reality is by necessity contingent on theory.
I'll take Hawkings point and discuss a theory like evolution. It may be true that we need to theorize about the phenomenon of 'life' to understand it. But as far as anyone can tell evolution is an extremely powerful description of what life is and where it comes from. It's not just something that scratches the surface of an otherwise mysterious void. It pretty much explains biological life entirely, which is a major feature of the universe. You can take many of our other theories and find that they are, in practice, very powerful theories with immense explanatory power. They're really not as superficial as you're making them out to be.
I don't really know how else to explain it but you just don't seem to agree with me on the basis of a bunch of philosophy you've read. I've spent the past 20 years studying just about every field out there, and I can tell you that we're not dogs sniffing books.
I’ve not said that our theories our superficial. Most of them are quite robust. But that’s not the point.
I’ve simply stated the anti-realist position, that the best we can expect from a theory is empirical adequacy and instrumental utility. The TOE meets those criteria in spades.
But the test for theoretical superficiality or robustness must alway occur in the context of our own particular cognitive architecture and perceptual apparatus, and not against some unobtainable standard of what is somehow “true” outside of us. And the strength of science, for us, is that theories change, or are discarded, as new evidence comes along.
I’ve given an example of a model that was empirically adequate and instrumental useful, and also wrong — Ptolemy’s geocentrism. Strictly, Newton’s “laws” are also wrong, but are still in use.
I think Hawking is saying that it makes no sense to ask what a reality outside the mind is, since whatever any sentient being makes of reality is necessarily mind-based. And in that he is no different from Kant, and Plato, and a number of others. He just gives it a scientific gloss that the others lacked, while insisting he is not doing philosophy, which is absurd.
Reading a “bunch of philosophy books” is good, not bad, and those scientists who scoff at philosophy might want to try it sometime.
What would the world like to, and how it theorize about, an alien intelligence that could remember the future, as so brilliantly depicted in the movie Arrival? If there were aliens who somehow had direct perceptual apprehension of the quantum realm, what would the history of life look like? Maybe their theory of evolution would involve constant decohrence of entangled superpositions across time, and that theory might be perfectly empirically adequate and instrumentally useful for them.
The “dogs sniffing at books” was simply to point out that other minds can have their own empirically adequate and instrumentally useful models of reality without those models touching on some wider truth, and I see no reason why humans are exempt from that.