a) Murder - the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another.
b) Manslaghter - the crime of killing a human being without malice aforethought, or otherwise in circumstances not amounting to murder.
c) none of the above
Disclosure: My vote is b.
My legal knowledge is way out of date, but those aren't the categories I'm familiar with.
I think of murder and manslaughter as being distinguished by
intent to kill.
Premeditation is what distinguished first degree murder from other forms.
Then there's felony murder. That doesn't require intent to kill, but instead requires
that somebody die as a result of a dangerous crime.
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Example of felony murder:
Sam and Jake rob a gas station at gunpoint.
Police chase them. They catch Sam, put him
in handcuffs in their back seat. Then, with
Sam captive in the back seat, they proceed to
chase and kill Jake.
This is a true story (except that I made up the
names). Sam was convicted of felony murder.
Because he did an armed robbery in which Jake died.
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Example of premeditation:
A law school professor was explaining felony murder
to me. I put to him this hypothetical:
Suppose you rob a bank, and you're running away
down the sidewalk with the bag of money. The bank
guard comes out of the bank behind you, and he shoots
at you. He misses. His bullet hits a pedestrian
a few steps in front of you.
You see arterial blood spurting from the pedestrian's neck,
so you know he'll be dead in a matter of seconds.
If you let that happen, if you let him die accidentally as
a result of your bank robbery, then you will be guilty of
felony murder, which is murder in the first degree.
Therefore, you should shoot him in the forehead to kill
him immediately, and without premeditation, so as to
be guilty second degree murder instead.
The professor disagreed with me. He said you'd still be
premeditating. "You can premeditate in an instant."
I think he was just wrong. I think that, because he didn't
like the implication of my hypothetical, he conflated
premeditation and intent to kill.
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Okay, back to your categories:
a) ... premeditated killing of one human being by another.
The cop could have premeditated the killing. As in,
"I hate George Floyd. If the opportunity ever comes up,
I'm sure gonna off him." And then the opportunity came up.
The cop's behavior is consistent with this hypothetical.
And also consistent with the cop just being a malevolent idiot,
a high school bully who went into law enforcement because
he likes throwing his weight around, or resting it on people's
necks.
Presumably the cop says he neither premeditated or had
intent to kill, but, in my experience, cops lie all the time.
(Note the figure of speech: hyperbole.)
Note also the law professor's opinion that the cop could have
premeditated while kneeling on Floyd's neck.
Note further that the cop was arguably engaged in a dangerous
crime when he knelt on Floyd's neck for nine minutes. He may
be guilty of felony murder. But that's not relevant to the
category you describe. And we'd know if the cop were charged
with felony murder; that would have caused huge headlines.
b) Manslaughter - the crime of killing a human being without malice aforethought, or otherwise in circumstances not amounting to murder.
It is not possible to kneel on a helpless person's neck without
malice. So we could consider whether the malice was
"aforethought," premeditated.
I find I want to be discursive; I thought I was going to
write about manslaughter
as you defined it, but I'm just
going to wander.
Manslaughter is, or at least was in my era, a
lesser included
offense. Just as (according to some definitions) all men are
apes and all apes are monkeys, so all murder is manslaughter.
So we don't need the language, "or otherwise in circumstances
not amounting to murder."
Murder is a subset of manslaughter, as manslaughter is a subset
of homicide. (Any killing of one human by another is homicide,
even if not illegal. Capital punishment is homicide.)
Because manslaughter is a lesser included offense, we don't
need a separate charge. You can charge someone with murder
and get a conviction of manslaughter if the jury doesn't find
premeditation.
Well, I have meandered around the topic long enough.
I will now go wander around something else.