He exhausted all peaceful means?
This is what Hillary said:
I take the president at his word that he will try hard to pass a United Nations resolution and seek to avoid war, if possible.
Bush succeeded in getting Resolution 1441 passed. At that time, the stated purpose of the 2002 AUMF was to allow the President to leverage the full force of the military against Hussein if he did not comply with the UN resolutions. In effect, taking the safety off. The fact that Iraq was not in compliance with UN resolutions was well established. That is exactly what
1441 reiterated. It was the UN giving Hussein "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in numerous previous resolutions (660, 661, 678, 686, 687, 688, 707, 715, 986, and 1284). It was, in effect, the UN saying,
this is your last warning; do as we say or we will let slip the dogs of war and it was passed unanimously by the Security council.
Put the cart back behind the horse. There were
ten previous resolutions that Iraq was not in compliance with, most notably
687, which went back to the "Gulf War" in 1991 and stipulated that Iraq had to demilitarize, essentially, as punishment for their invasion of Kuwait. Which they agreed to, but evidently lied about.
Iraq then
also agreed to the terms of 1441. Blix and his inspectors returned to Iraq and started looking for any non-compliance issues in late November.
From the perspective of Congress, Bush was fully in compliance with the UN conditions laid out in the AUMF and the implicit threat of force
worked to get Iraq back in line and complying. Bush did NOT immediately use the military. He did exactly what was intended by the AUMF.
Then, Blix:
On 7 December 2002, Iraq filed its 12,000-page weapons declaration with the UN in order to meet requirements for this resolution. The five permanent members of the Security Council received unedited versions of the report, while an edited version was made available for other UN Member States. On 19 December, Hans Blix reported before the United Nations and stated in regards to Iraq's 7 December report (unedited version): "During the period 1991–1998, Iraq submitted many declarations called full, final and complete. Regrettably, much in these declarations proved inaccurate or incomplete or was unsupported or contradicted by evidence. In such cases, no confidence can arise that proscribed programmes or items have been eliminated." By March, Blix declared that the 7 December report had not brought any new documentary evidence to light.
Iraq continued to fail to account for substantial chemical and biological stockpiles which UNMOVIC inspectors had confirmed as existing as late as 1998. Iraq claimed that it had disposed of its anthrax stockpiles at a specific site, but UNMOVIC found this impossible to confirm since Iraq had not allowed the destruction to be witnessed by inspectors as required by the pertinent Resolutions. Chemical testing done at the site was unable to show that any anthrax had been destroyed there.
Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei presented several reports to the UN detailing Iraq's level of compliance with Resolution 1441.[8][9][10] On 27 January 2003 Chief UN Weapons Inspector Blix addressed the UN Security Council and stated "Iraq appears not to have come to a genuine acceptance–not even today–of the disarmament, which was demanded of it and which it needs to carry out to win the confidence of the world and to live in peace."[8] Blix went on to state that the Iraqi regime had allegedly misplaced "1,000 tonnes" of VX nerve agent—one of the most toxic ever developed.[8]
By mid-February the issues of anthrax, the nerve agent VX and long-range missiles remained unresolved. Blix's 7 March report stated "Iraq, with a highly developed administrative system, should be able to provide more documentary evidence about its proscribed weapons programmes. Only a few new such documents have come to light so far and been handed over since we began inspections."
At this point, the US Administration asserted that Iraq remained in material breach of the UN Resolutions, and that, under 1441, this meant the Security Council had to convene immediately "in order to consider the situation and the need for full compliance with all of the relevant Council resolutions in order to secure international peace and security".
And that's when the debates started (again) about any use of military force against Iraq:
At the Azores conference of 16 March, Tony Blair, George W. Bush, Spanish prime minister José María Aznar as well as Portuguese prime minister José Manuel Barroso who hosted the meeting, announced the imminent deadline of 17 March for complete Iraqi compliance, with statements such as "Tomorrow is a moment of truth for the world". On the 17th, speeches by Bush and UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw explicitly declared the period of diplomacy to be over, as declared by Resolution 1441's prohibition on giving Iraq new opportunities for compliance, and that no further authorization from the UN would be sought before an invasion of Iraq (see 2003 invasion of Iraq). The USA and Britain, while admitting that such a resolution was diplomatically desirable, insisted that Iraq had now been given enough time (noting also the time since the first disarmament resolutions of 1991) to disarm or provide evidence thereof, and that war was legitimized by 1441 and previous UN resolutions. Non-permanent Security Council member Spain declared itself with the USA and Britain. Nevertheless, this position taken by the Bush administration and its supporters, has been and still is being disputed by numerous legal experts.
Bush pleads his case to the UN in September of 2002. A few days later (in October), Congress votes on granting the use of force as a cudgel
for the UN, basically, though the wording is endlessly debated over and nitpicked (as all such language is). The UN passes Bush's (and Blair's) resolution (1441) and Iraq, now facing a new and final resolution that has the hair trigger of military force behind it, agrees. And then breaches (according to Blix).
NONE of this is me agreeing with anything Bush/Blair did. We know
now--and I certainly suspected it
then--that it was a contrived orchestration, but these are the actual facts in their proper chronology. Bush did not immediately use military force; he did in fact go to the UN and successfully got a new, tougher resolution passed; the threat evidently did, in fact, work as Iraq agreed to the terms and let Blix in; and it was only after it was determined--by Blix--that Iraq was once again fucking with the UN and not in full compliance that the US and UK (and Spain) broke with the other members of the Security council and said
fuck this, he's doing it again, we're launching whether the rest of you agree with us or not.
Basically. It's worth noting at this point what Sanders said in
his speech on October 9th where he clearly delineates what the issues are for him (emphasis mine):
Mr. Speaker, I do not think any Member of this body disagrees that Saddam Hussein is a tyrant, a murderer, and a man who has started two wars. He is clearly someone who cannot be trusted or believed. The question, Mr. Speaker, is not whether we like Saddam Hussein or not. The question is whether he represents an imminent threat to the American people and whether a unilateral invasion of Iraq will do more harm than good.
Clear? Imminent threat and
unilateral invasion are his deal breakers. He goes on to repeat these issues in the next paragraph and then again in the third (again, emphasis mine):
Mr. Speaker, I do not know why the President feels, despite what our intelligence agencies are saying, that it is so important to pass a resolution of this magnitude this week and why it is necessary to go forward without the support of the United Nations and our major allies including those who are fighting side by side with us in the war on terrorism.
He is NOT objecting to invading; merely that he does not see why they need to vote
this week and then asserts something that wasn't part of the bill and wasn't something Bush argued for (i.e., moving forward "without the support of the United Nations and our major allies").
He then derails himself talking about the economy and the poor before repeating, once again, that it is the idea of a
unilateral invasion (i.e., US alone) that is the primary deal breaker for him:
Mr. Speaker, in the brief time I have, let me give five reasons why I am opposed to giving the President a blank check to launch a unilateral invasion and occupation of Iraq...
His conclusion? First he once again reiterates that his primary objection is a
unilateral invasion and then he states what we
should do, which is essentially exactly what Bush did:
If a unilateral American invasion of Iraq is not the best approach, what should we do? In my view, the U.S. must work with the United Nations to make certain within clearly defined timelines that the U.N. inspectors are allowed to do their jobs. These inspectors should undertake an unfettered search for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and destroy them when found, pursuant to past U.N. resolutions. If Iraq resists inspection and elimination of stockpiled weapons, we should stand ready to assist the U.N. in forcing compliance.
That's pretty much exactly what Bush did, with the obvious exception at the end that Bush (and Blair)--as member states in the council--said Iraq was in breach and it was therefore time to force compliance and were going to do so with or without the approval of the other council members.
Iow, Sanders did NOT vote against "the war in Iraq" as it has since been apocryphally worded to make it seem as if Sanders was a saint. He voted against the US invading
unilaterally--which we did not do--not against the idea of the US military being used to force Iraq to comply.
No, he did not. He acted in tandem with the UK, primarily (and Spain).
The UN Security Council refused to authorize war, they never authorized war.
Technically, the
other members of the council did not authorize it. The US and UK are also members of the council.
That was a violation of the UN Charter.
Yes, it was. But that has no bearing on what Clinton said (or Sanders) or the fact that Bush did, in fact, follow the terms both Clinton and Sanders stipulated he should (along with many others) in regard to Iraq.
It became a UN matter when Bush brought the matter to the UN.
Which is when they passed 1441.
It did not authorize an invasion.
Resolution 1441 stated that Iraq was in "material breach of the ceasefire terms presented under the terms of Resolution 687."
Those terms:
The most important part of the resolution was the concluding paragraph 34, which required that "[the Security Council]...[d]ecides...to take such further steps as may be required for the implementation of the present resolution and to secure peace and security in the area." This statement was widely interpreted as "obey or we will force you to by all means necessary." This text was used by the United States as a justification for the 1996 bombing of Iraq, 1998 bombing of Iraq, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, on the basis that Iraq refused to comply with various United Nations resolutions, in order to maintain peace and security in the Persian Gulf region.
It's bullshit, of course, but it's also precedent, which Bush (and Blair) used.
The UN explicitly refused to authorize an invasion.
Once again, technically incorrect. The US and the UK are part of the UN, more notably the Security Council (that determines such matters). They argued that breaching 1441 was the trigger, essentially, and
that:
Resolution 1441's second ambiguity is even more significant. While the resolution makes clear that the Security Council must reconvene to discuss how to deal with Iraqi noncompliance, it does not make clear whether the council must pass another resolution at such a meeting, authorizing the use of force, or whether member states may simply act on their own.
This difference of opinion came into focus during the discussion following the adoption of Resolution 1441. At that time, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. John Negroponte said: "This resolution contains no 'hidden triggers' and no 'automaticity' with respect to the use of force. If there is a further Iraqi breach, reported to the council by UNMOVIC, the IAEA, or a Member State, the matter will return to the council for discussion….[But] if the Security Council fails to act decisively in the event of further Iraqi violations, this resolution does not constrain any member state from acting to defend itself against the threat posed by Iraq or to enforce the relevant United Nations resolutions and protect world peace and security." The British ambassador, Sir Jeremy Greenstock, agreed.
Other members did not agree. So there was no unanimous or even majority agreement of the other council members, so Bush and Blair evidently took the position that they would act on behalf of the UN without the approval of the other council members.
Then when Bush invaded he did it in violation of the UN Charter and of international law.
Still being debated.
By who? Americans?
Cute, but irrelevant.
Once again, I am in FULL agreement that the invasion was never morally justified and that Bush and his entire cabinet (and Blair etal), are all war criminals. But that's a separate matter to what actually happened and in the sequence it all happened. Bush did
exactly what Congress (yes, including Sanders) authorized/instructed/recommended/hoped he would do. It wasn't until the other members of the council disagreed with Bush/Blair's argument that because Iraq breached 1441 (and thereby all previous such resolutions) that it meant force was necessary.
And hindsight, of course, is pristine, but NONE of that has anything to do with what was going on in October of 2002 (nearly half a year prior to all that followed).