lpetrich
Contributor
Back to "IE Secondary Products Terminology and the Dating of PIA".
Anatolian split off from the rest of IE some time around 4000 BCE, and their first archeological evidence is likely the Cernavodă culture (4300 - 4000 BCE) on the lower Danube River.
The ancestors of the Tocharians split off later, as the Afanasievo culture (3300 - 2500 BCE) of central Asia.
Proto-Core-Indo-European had no reconstructible words for such crops as barley, lentil, pea, chickpea and bitter
vetch, but it did have words for wheel and axle: *kwekwlos and *Hrot(H)os for wheel and *h2eks- > *aks- for axle.
*kwekwlos < *kwel- "to roll, revolve"
*Hrot(H)os < *Hret(H)- "to run" (only attested in Celtic)
From Tocharian A kukäl, B kokale "wagon", one infers that *kwekwlos was present in Indo-Tocharian.
PCIE had words for taming a horse, milking, tending livestock, different words for bull, cow, ox, different words for sheep, ram, lamb, and words for udder, butter, pasture, herdsman, cowherd, hornless, and wool.
"All these words suggest a pastoral society in which domesticated cattle, horses and sheep played an important role and were not bred exclusively for their meat."
Some of these words are also found in Anatolian, like cow, sheep, horse, pasture, and shepherd, and possibly also the spring season, *wes-r/n- "if this was the season when the herd returned to the open grasslands from a winter camp in a more forested area".
As to the other possibilities,
In the first one, *peh2- > *pâ- "to protect; to tend livestock" has a Hittite cognate that means "to protect, guard, keep (an oath)" and a Tocharian one that means "to protect, beware of, obey (rules)". Also, *demh2- "to tame" has a Hittite cognate that means "to (op)press".
In the second one, Hittite has a separate word form for udder, and a possibly-cognate one for wool. Separate borrowings from the same North Caucasian source? hulana vs. *ulh1neh1- > wlanâ (English wool, Latin lana, ...)
In the last two, Hittite words for milk and to milk are unrecoverable, as are for ox, lamb, ram, bull, and butter.
Anatolian split off from the rest of IE some time around 4000 BCE, and their first archeological evidence is likely the Cernavodă culture (4300 - 4000 BCE) on the lower Danube River.
The ancestors of the Tocharians split off later, as the Afanasievo culture (3300 - 2500 BCE) of central Asia.
Proto-Core-Indo-European had no reconstructible words for such crops as barley, lentil, pea, chickpea and bitter
vetch, but it did have words for wheel and axle: *kwekwlos and *Hrot(H)os for wheel and *h2eks- > *aks- for axle.
*kwekwlos < *kwel- "to roll, revolve"
*Hrot(H)os < *Hret(H)- "to run" (only attested in Celtic)
From Tocharian A kukäl, B kokale "wagon", one infers that *kwekwlos was present in Indo-Tocharian.
PCIE had words for taming a horse, milking, tending livestock, different words for bull, cow, ox, different words for sheep, ram, lamb, and words for udder, butter, pasture, herdsman, cowherd, hornless, and wool.
"All these words suggest a pastoral society in which domesticated cattle, horses and sheep played an important role and were not bred exclusively for their meat."
Some of these words are also found in Anatolian, like cow, sheep, horse, pasture, and shepherd, and possibly also the spring season, *wes-r/n- "if this was the season when the herd returned to the open grasslands from a winter camp in a more forested area".
As to the other possibilities,
- Anatolian has a cognate with a different meaning
- Anatolian has a different word form with that meaning
- Anatolian has a logogram with no pronunciation clue for that meaning
- Anatolian has no uses of that word in the surviving texts
In the first one, *peh2- > *pâ- "to protect; to tend livestock" has a Hittite cognate that means "to protect, guard, keep (an oath)" and a Tocharian one that means "to protect, beware of, obey (rules)". Also, *demh2- "to tame" has a Hittite cognate that means "to (op)press".
In the second one, Hittite has a separate word form for udder, and a possibly-cognate one for wool. Separate borrowings from the same North Caucasian source? hulana vs. *ulh1neh1- > wlanâ (English wool, Latin lana, ...)
In the last two, Hittite words for milk and to milk are unrecoverable, as are for ox, lamb, ram, bull, and butter.