Lion IRC said:
1. Yes. The same way Noah, Abraham, Job did.
2. The same way we do. By logical inference and or special revelation. Aztecs could have the exact same discussion we are right here. They could debate and arrive at a theoretically sound epistemic basis for objective morality.
1. Okay.
2. Here's my follow-up:
2. a. How did the Aztecs access special revelation? They had no Bible (not that the Bible is revealed, but leaving that aside), and no connection to it. In fact, there was not even a
claim that there was special revelation from God. Moreover, they did not even have the concept of God (i.e., omniscient, omnipotent, morally perfect) in the first place. How would you suggest Acamapichtli go about finding special revelation?
2. b. Even in societies in which there are
claims of special revelation, how do you propose we assess whether the claims are true?
For example, if someone claims the Hadith contains commands from God, how are humans supposed to ascertain that that is not so?
For the purpose of this example, we may assume the person assessing the claim is Omar, a man who lives in rural Afghanistan in 1920, and has never had any contact with any Christians or Christian writings.
Lion IRC said:
Using ones own 'sense' of right and wrong doesn't work when you're arguing over which hunting season it is.
As I said repeatedly, the method that I suggested is to use one sense of right and wrong
and reason. It should be clear that whether it's duck or rabbit season (or neither, etc.) is a matter of positive law. The way to resolve the issue is take a look at the laws passed by whoever runs the place.
Lion IRC said:
What is our Aztec friend to make of a law that isn't enforced? Or an opinion that can't be enforced?
Well, for example, using his own sense of right and wrong and reason, Acamapichtli has a way of realizing that sacrificing people to the gods is immoral.
Lion IRC said:
The presence or absence of enforcement is not an irrelevant consideration.
Well, given that humans tend to punish wrongdoings in general, the absence of enforcement
by humans is not an irrelevant consideration, but it is by no means a decisive one. Now, if, say, Orniut is an alien scientist from a species that evolved from squid-like things and she's studying humans, enforcement - as well as moral claims made by humans -, perhaps is one of her best guides to moral truth (of course, not to squid-like-moral truths!). But we're not aliens from other planets.
Lion IRC said:
When presented with an 'ought' proposition or a Thou Shalt moral imperative surely the most obvious questions are why should I? Or what if I don't? Or who says I have to?
If that "should" is a moral "should", then that's equivalent to asking why the behavior is immoral. Well, the behavior of raping people for fun is immoral because of, say, it makes people suffer people for fun, it is an infrigement on their freedom over their bodies, etc. That's why you should not rape people for fun. Still, this is my speculation about what makes the behavior immoral. It's not as strong as the immediate assessment (via my own sense of right and wrong) that it is immoral.
As for the behavior of sacrificing people to the gods, also that clearly hurts people for no good reason, first because there is no good reason to believe in the gods and those who kill people over that are being epistemically irrational, second because there is no good reason that worse things will happen if it's not done, and third because it's not done as a necessary evil but a means of preventing something worse (which might justify it depending on what is to be prevented), but is done while not being considered an evil at all. There may well be other reasons why it's wrong, but those seem to be some - still, that's secondary: I don't need to know why it's wrong (though I can speculate) to know it is.
As to who says you have to, well that depends. In the case of Acamapichtli, no one says that he has to refrain from sacrificing people to the gods. In fact, perhaps some people claim he should do it (depending on his position in Aztec society). But regardless, it is immoral on his part, and he has tools to figure that out (else, he's hopeless to find moral truth; at any rate, he has no access to any revelation. I'm curious: how do you think he can access special revelation?).
Lion IRC said:
I have explicitly stated the multiple criteria that (I believe) are reasonable for objectively distinguishing moral law from personal preference.
But actually said:
Lion IRC said:
One of the epistemic criteria for and objectively real/true moral law must surely be that it is enforceable. If I can violate a (supposed) moral law with zero consequences - because there's no punishment - then what other alternative way do we have of differentiating subjective opinion from objective moral law?
The "what other alternative way do we have of differentiating subjective opinion from objective moral law?" part clearly indicates you think there is no room for another alternative, in absence of enforcement.
Moreover, you later said:
Lion IRC said:
3. They are both enforceable AND inevitably enforced. A law which isn't enforced or enforced selectively can hardly be called a Law - let alone a fair/moral law.
While I suspect you conflated epistemic and ontological issues, at least it is clear that you're saying that without enforcement, people has no means of recognizing a moral law.
Lion IRC said:
I agree circular reasoning isn't reasoning.
Why not a civil conversation?
Again, in that post of mine, I was reporting my beliefs, not engaging in argumentation.