I will now attempt to estimate the resources needed for various kinds of bags. I'll use what I have the biggest clue about, materials, and ignore the details of manufacturing processes.
The Simple Plastic Bag – More than Meets the Eye: Plastic Bag Thickness - What Hell is a Mil? states that common plastic bags have thicknesses between 0.5 and 2 mils -- 1 mil = 1/1000 inch = 25.4 microns. So that's about 12.5 to 50 microns.
Paper thickness varies widely (
Paper Thickness Chart | Caliper Tables | Case Paper,
Kraft Paper Weights and Thickness Comparison Chart). Kraft paper, the kind often used for paper bags, is around 3 to 9 mils, or 75 to 225 microns.
It's hard to find good numbers on cloth, so I'll use a rough eyeball estimate: 0.5 to 1 mm, or 500 to 1000 microns.
I'll use these more-or-less average values:
- Plastic: 20 microns
- Paper: 100 microns
- Cloth: 1000 microns
Thus, paper takes about 5 times the material as plastic, and cloth 50 times.
I've found some numbers on prices, which may be a good estimate of the difficulty of manufacturing the various sorts of bags.
Grocery Bags | Reusable Grocery Bags | Brown Paper Bags. I'm using the lowest price since it's likely a result of buying in bulk, thus giving an economy of scale.
- White T-Shirt Plastic Bags: $0.03
- Kraft Grocery Bags: $0.01
- Reusable Handle Bags: $0.56
Thus, a reusable bag costs as much as 20 plastic bags or 60 paper bags.
So one beats disposable bags if one uses a reusable bag for more than 50 - 60 shopping days.