Going back to the original question: How can they be independent when we see an obvious link? Remember what statisticians keep hammering: Correlation does not prove causation. The classic example is ice cream sales are strongly correlated with rape numbers. Does ice cream make people commit rape??
No, what's going on in most of these cases is that they are independent of each other but both are related to something else. (In the classic example, the weather.)
The human body is an absolute hodge-podge of rube goldberg engineering. I'm a software engineer--if someone were to propose a software layout half as crazy as the human body I would tear the proposal up after reading the first few pages and investigate why we had an employee like that in the first place.
The only reason we exist at all is that there is an awful lot of fault tolerance in biological systems.
In this particular case we have testosterone and similar hormones running around turning on a bunch of "male" systems and turning off corresponding "female" systems in the developing embryo. It doesn't always work right, though--sometimes systems aren't turned on properly. Lets consider a simple case where we have a decent amount of data on how things go wrong: Do you have a dick?
XX: No make-a-dick message is sent.
XY: The make-a-dick message is sent:
Swyer syndrome: The person is insensitive to all types of testosterone. The result is apparently female but likely with fertility issues.
5α-Reductase 2 deficiency: The person is insensitive to dihydrotestosterone but responds normally to testosterone. The result is they look nearly female at birth but will grow a dick at puberty.
Neither of these: born with a dick.
One system, two different documented failure methods in addition to the correct operation.
Given that we have a decent number of people who feel their mind doesn't match their body that strongly suggests to me that there is a separate system for how the mind works from how the body works.
(And I think it's even more the case with sexual alignment. I'm in the camp that doesn't think there really is such a thing as homosexuality--or heterosexuality. There is no internal concept of being attracted to the same gender or the opposite gender. Rather, it makes much more sense if there is an attracted-to-males system and an attracted-to-females system. A model with one control being heterosexual/homosexual and one being intensity does a much poorer job of explaining bisexuality and asexuality than two independent systems, one for attracted to men and one for attracted to women, each with an intensity control.)
No, what's going on in most of these cases is that they are independent of each other but both are related to something else. (In the classic example, the weather.)
The human body is an absolute hodge-podge of rube goldberg engineering. I'm a software engineer--if someone were to propose a software layout half as crazy as the human body I would tear the proposal up after reading the first few pages and investigate why we had an employee like that in the first place.
The only reason we exist at all is that there is an awful lot of fault tolerance in biological systems.
In this particular case we have testosterone and similar hormones running around turning on a bunch of "male" systems and turning off corresponding "female" systems in the developing embryo. It doesn't always work right, though--sometimes systems aren't turned on properly. Lets consider a simple case where we have a decent amount of data on how things go wrong: Do you have a dick?
XX: No make-a-dick message is sent.
XY: The make-a-dick message is sent:
Swyer syndrome: The person is insensitive to all types of testosterone. The result is apparently female but likely with fertility issues.
5α-Reductase 2 deficiency: The person is insensitive to dihydrotestosterone but responds normally to testosterone. The result is they look nearly female at birth but will grow a dick at puberty.
Neither of these: born with a dick.
One system, two different documented failure methods in addition to the correct operation.
Given that we have a decent number of people who feel their mind doesn't match their body that strongly suggests to me that there is a separate system for how the mind works from how the body works.
(And I think it's even more the case with sexual alignment. I'm in the camp that doesn't think there really is such a thing as homosexuality--or heterosexuality. There is no internal concept of being attracted to the same gender or the opposite gender. Rather, it makes much more sense if there is an attracted-to-males system and an attracted-to-females system. A model with one control being heterosexual/homosexual and one being intensity does a much poorer job of explaining bisexuality and asexuality than two independent systems, one for attracted to men and one for attracted to women, each with an intensity control.)