"
The White Man's Burden" (1899), by
Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the
Philippine–American War (1899–1902) that exhorts the United States to assume
colonial control of the
Filipino people and their country.
[1] Originally written to celebrate the
Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria (22 June 1897), the
jingoistic poem was replaced with the sombre "
Recessional" (1897), also a Kipling poem about empire.
In "The White Man's Burden", Kipling encouraged the American
annexation and colonization of the
Philippine Islands, a Pacific Ocean archipelago conquered in the three-month
Spanish–American War (1898).
[1] As an
imperialist poet, Kipling exhorts the American reader and listener to take up the enterprise of empire, yet warns about the personal costs faced, endured, and paid in building an empire;
[1] nonetheless,
American imperialists understood the phrase "the
white man’s burden" to justify imperial conquest as a
mission-of-civilisation that is ideologically related to the continental-expansion philosophy of
manifest destiny of the early 19th century.
[2][3][4][5]