Reading the study, a number of points occur to me...There's a difference in childhood in brain structure:
Small, but detectable.
Somatomotor, visual, control, and limbic networks are preferentially associated with sex, while network correlates of gender are more distributed throughout the cortex.I.e., the brain differences correlated with being trans are not the same differences as the brain differences correlated with being of the other sex. I.e., transwomen don't have "female brains"; what they have tends to be different from cismen's brains along some orthogonal axis.
This study doesn't speak to that, but others do and show that in fact transwomen's difference from cismen move them closer to what is found in ciswomen. Now, their whole brains are still significantly difference from cisfemale, but that would be expected given this current study showing the "sex" part of the brain is separate from those parts influencing gender and transwoman are male by sex. If you combine the findings of this current study and the one I linked, it strongly predicts that if they compared only the brain regions shown in the current study to be tied to gender, then transwomen would be more similar to ciswomen than to cismen.
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/6/1582
we use the term “gender” to indicate features of an individual’s attitude, feelings, and behaviorsI.e., they're conflating gender, gender identity, and gender roles.
No, they are defining gender as the psychological states and the preferred behaviors they lead to. Gender identity and roles are partially byproducts of those mental states and experiences. Identity is an explicit self-labeling as boy or girl, man or women by the individual. It is likely impacted by those mental states, but does nor reliably follow because the vast majority of people are socially driven to label as their sex no matter how they feel. Gender roles are socially normative expectations of how people should behave. When a person behaves in line with social expectation you don't know if its a preferred behavior, but when they violate the norms then it creates an empirically observable dissociation between roles and psychological gender.
(4757 children, 2315 females, 9 to 10 years old)I.e., the parents have had 9 or 10 years to observe sex-atypical behavior in their children and react to it. If some "network correlate of gender" is caused by the child's brain being affected by the way the parents have treated the child, or is causing the sex-atypical behavior, the study would not distinguish those scenarios. I.e., it's a confounding factor they haven't controlled for. To tease apart those possibilities they'd need to do the brain scans in infancy and then wait 9 or 10 years and see if they still predict behavior.
The vast majority of parents treat their child according to sex and do not suddenly treat their boy as a girl just b/c he shows some "girl like tendencies". In fact, in the US, you'd likely find far more parents who react to that situation by being even more stereotypical in how they treat their son, pushing them harder into sex-normative behaviors. So, it is not a plausible account of brain deviation from typical male. Also, you are assuming that the child for some unknown reason having nothing to do with their brains start acting girlish, then the parent reacts and treats them different, then their brain changes. This is far less parsimonious and lacks explanation of the initial behavioral differences compared to the explanation that their natural brain development changes the behavior.
Our models did not successfully predict the self-reported gender scores in either sex (all corrected P values >0.05).I.e., their results on gender identity aren't statistically significant.
The neural differences related to sex typical psychology and behaviors were significant, and significantly different than neural patterns linked sex differences. The neural patterns do not reliably predict self-reported gender identity, which is expected since few people who experience gender dysphoria are willing to risk to the social and parental abuse that such a public admission entails.
On the other hand, 0.56% (corrected P = 0.037; r = 0.08, corrected P = 0.033) and 0.55% (corrected P = 0.037; r = 0.08, corrected P = 0.033) of the variance in functional connectivity were associated with parent-reported gender scores in AFAB and AMAB individuals, respectively (Fig. 1C).I.e., small, but detectable, as you said. Very small. The gendered-behavior signal is barely above the noise.
The statistical significance means that it is reliably more than noise. Also, that is a % of all functional connectivity. Very few psychological or behavioral variables would account for more than a tiny % of total functional connectivity.
Our predictions of gender (beyond sex) are far less accurate than predictions of sex or gender alone, suggesting that gender may be a more complex construct that is not as clearly represented in functional connectivity patterns.I.e., they can't reliably tell whether someone is trans by examining the brain, but they can tell whether someone is male or female. Yes, there appears to be such a thing as a female brain, but transwomen generally don't appear to have them.
You failed to comprehend the central point of the paper, which is that there are sex linked brain activation patterns and gender linked brain activation patterns. Thus, transwoman would not be expected to have "female brains" since they have male bodies and bodies are represented within the brain. Also, sex is reliably and near perfectly measured, so predicting a measure of sex is much easier in general (like hitting a still vs moving target). Gender, like all psychological states, is much harder to measure and always prone to measurement error. Predicting any most aspects of personality from the brain is unreliable, including those traits were there evidence of a strong genetic contribution and thus of innate brain based causality. Men and women differ on average in many aspects of psychology. Yet, if tried to predict sex using only the cortex areas dealing with subjective mental states like feelings, thoughts, and preferences, they also cannot reliably predict who is male or female.
His favorite playmates are: Her favorite playmates are: He plays with girl-type dolls, such as "Barbie". She plays with girl-type dolls, such as "Barbie". He plays with boy-type dolls such as action figures or "GI-Joe". She plays with boy-type dolls such as action figures or "GI-Joe". He experiments with cosmetics (makeup) and jewelry. She experiments with cosmetics (makeup) and jewelry. He imitates female characters seen on TV or in the movies. She imitates female characters seen on TV or in the movies. He imitates male characters seen on TV or in the movies. She imitates male characters seen on TV or in the movies. He plays sports with boys (but not girls). She plays sports with boys (but not girls). He plays sports with girls (but not boys). She plays sports with girls (but not boys). He plays "girl-type" games (as compared to "boy-type" games). She plays "girl-type" games (as compared to "boy-type" games).I.e., the data on parents' evaluations of their children's gender-linked behavior was biased by arbitrary cultural notions of appropriate gender roles.
So, you are saying that their are no "girl" behaviors or girl games or toys,, so we should eliminate all labels and store aisles the specify "girls" or "boys". What you are calling "arbitrary" is the very notion that their are or should be any gender roles or normative expectations. It is interesting for you to take that very radical feminist stance but I doubt you actually believe it and are just inventing an excuse to discount this science that goes against your beliefs.
The parents are using the very standard typical gender expectations, most of which are simply tied to preferences for playmates, who they identify with and want to imitate, and play preferences that have long been shown to differ from very early ages between males and females.