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US high-speed trains on track again?

Construction to begin on high-speed rail between Las Vegas and Los Angeles | AP News - "Rail spikes hammered, bullet train being built from Sin City to the City of Angels"
$12 billion passenger bullet train linking Las Vegas and the Los Angeles area was dubbed the first true high-speed rail line in the nation on Monday, with the private company building it predicting millions of ticket-buyers will be boarding trains by 2028.
Brightline West Breaks Ground on Vegas to SoCal High-Speed Rail - Streetsblog California - "Brightline West will be a 218-mile 186-mile-per-hour rail line from Vegas to Rancho Cucamonga - about 40 miles east of downtown L.A. - expected to open in 2028"

Nearly all of the route will be in I-15.

Stations | Brightline West:
  • Rancho Cucamonga - "a 5-acre property at the northwest corner of Milliken Avenue and Azusa Court near Ontario International Airport" - near the Rancho Cucamonga Metrolink station
  • Hesperia - "within the I-15 median at the I-15/Joshua Street interchange"
  • Victor Valley - "on a 300-acre property southeast of the Dale Evans Parkway and I-15 interchange in Apple Valley"
  • Las Vegas - "near the iconic Las Vegas Strip, on a 110-acre property north of Blue Diamond Road between I-15 and Las Vegas Boulevard" - in southern LV
 
Back in 2023 Dec 8:
FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Billions to Deliver World-Class High-Speed Rail and Launch New Passenger Rail Corridors Across the Country | The White House
and
President Biden Announces $8.2 Billion in New Grants for High-Speed Rail and Pipeline of Projects Nationwide | US Department of Transportation
with the White House one noting
FY22-23 Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail Program (National) Project Fact Sheets | FRA
  • California Central Valley: $3,074 M (new line)
  • Los Angeles - Las Vegas: $3,000 M (new line)
  • DC - Richmond VA: $729 M
  • Richmond VA - Raleigh NC: $1,100 M
  • Harrisburg PA - Pittsburgh PA: $146.3 M
  • Boston MA - Brunswick ME: $27.3 M
  • Chicago Union Station improvements: $94 M
 
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor got some awards a bit earlier:
Amtrak Awarded Federal Funds for 12 Projects of National Significance Totaling Nearly $10B Across America’s Busiest Rail Corridor - Amtrak Media
and
FY 2022-23 Northeast Corridor for the Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail Program (FSP-NEC) Selections: Project Summaries | FRA

These projects are in various stages of proposal and planning and design and early construction. From south to north:
  • (DC)
  • MD Frederick Douglass Tunnel, replacing existing Baltimore & Potomac tunnel west of Baltimore Penn Station
  • MD Baltimore Penn Station improvements
  • MD Gunpowder River bridge replacement
  • MD Bush River bridge replacement
  • MD Susquehanna River bridge replacement
  • (Wilmington DE, Philadelphia PA, Trenton NJ, Princeton Junction NJ)
  • NJ Dock Bridge rehabilitation - over the Passaic River between Newark and Harrison NJ
  • NJ Sawtooth Bridge replacement - at Kearny NJ
  • NJ/NY Gateway Project - building new Hudson River tunnels and rehabilitating the existing ones
  • NYC Penn Station improvements
  • NYC East River Tunnel rehabilitation
  • NYC Pelham Bay Bridge replacement
  • CT Walk River Bridge repacement - at Norwalk CT
  • CT Saugatuck River Bridge replacement - at Westport CT
  • CT Devon Bridge replacement - between Stratford CT and Milford CT
  • (New Haven CT)
  • CT Connecticut River Bridge replacement - between Old Saybrook CT and Old Lyme CT
  • (Providence RI, Boston MA)
Also being worked on is double-tracking of New Haven CT - Hartford CT - Springfield MA. It is mostly complete south of Hartford, and with a gap north of that town.

Frederick Douglass Tunnel Program | Amtrak - will have much shallower curves than the existing tunnel, letting trains go through it much faster. I remember going very slowly through the existing tunnel.

East River Tunnel Rehabilitation Project | Amtrak - the tunnel contents will be totally rebuilt, replacing the tunnel liner and using slab track instead of ballasted track. Track fastened to a concrete floor rather than to ties that rest on a gravel bed.
 
Home - Gateway Program and The Gateway Program | Amtrak Northeast Corridor and  Gateway Program (Northeast Corridor)

Hudson Tunnel Project - Gateway Program and The Hudson Tunnel Project | Amtrak Northeast Corridor and Welcome to the Hudson Tunnel Project website - the existing Hudson River tunnels are a vulnerable spot in the Northeast Corridor and NYC-area regional rail.

It is now in the stage of awarding contracts for construction.

Over the Hackensack River between Kearny and Secaucus NJ is the  Portal Bridge a swing-span bridge over a century old. It will be replaced by two bridges, one on each side of it.

Portal North Bridge - Gateway Program and Portal North Bridge Project | Amtrak and Portal North Bridge | at NJ Transit -- its two tracks will be opened in 2026 and 2027. It will have a fixed span, simplifying maintenance.

It is to have a companion bridge, the Portal South Bridge, also two tracks, but no word on its construction.

Looking further westward, the two-track Sawtooth Bridges are to be replaced by four-track ones. Dock Bridge, a movable-span bridge, is to be made fixed-span.
 
The Northeast Corridor is not quite high-speed rail by the standards of Eastern and Western Eurasia, and the projects are good examples of the more easily feasible regional-rail improvements: speeding up slow spots like the Baltimore tunnels.

I now turn to Eurasia-scale HSR in the making in the US. I'd already mentioned Brightline West (LA - LV) and Texas Central (Houston - Dallas), and I get to the third one.
California high speed rail project faces $4-7 billion shortfall to complete first segment - Trains

That first segment is Merced - Madera - Fresno - Kings/Tulare - Bakersfield, all in the southern half of the Central Valley.

What is being built is the trackway, and currently all the trackway except near Merced and Bakersfield. Tracks, overhead cable system, signaling, stations, and rolling stock, the trains themselves, are not yet started.
 
186-mile-per-hour rail
LOL

Not 180mph, or 190mph, or even 185mph. A very precise 186mph. Why such precision? Well, 300km/h is 186.41mph. Could these be European built trains that go at 300km/h, as reported upon by US journalists who know their audience can't handle metric units, but who don't know that you shouldn't report three significant digit results when you convert a one or two significant digit value, regardless of the placement of the decimal point?
 
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Part of the CA HSR route is being built as an upgrade of an existing line: Electrification | Caltrain

Caltrain is a commuter train that runs between San Francisco and San Jose (49 mi), with some trains also running San Jose - Gilroy (34 mi). The electrified part will be SF - SJ, and it is currently being tested for going into service half a year from now. The electrified part is what the CA HSR trains will be using, thus saving a lot of construction at the expense of somewhat lower speed.

The part being constructed now is Merced - Madera (34 mi) and Madera - Bakersfield (135 mi) for a total of 169 mi.

It will connect to San Jose with Madera - Gilroy (95 mi), and adding Gilroy - SJ (34 mi) gives 129 mi.

It will connect to Southern California with Bakersfield - Palmdale (95 mi), Palmdale - Burbank (50 mi), Burbank - Los Angeles (16 mi), Los Angeles - Anaheim (29 mi).

Cumulative: Bakersfield - Palmdale (95 mi) - Burbank (145 mi) - Los Angeles (161 mi) - Anaheim (190 mi)

The second phase will have Merced - Sacramento (115 mi), Los Angeles - Riverside (55 mi), Riverside - San Diego (99 mi), total 154 mi.

So the initial operating segment, Merced - Bakersfield, will be about a third of the total route. I think that this was done as a foot-in-the-door strategy, a sort of demo of the full line.
 
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But what can be done to connect this seemingly disconnected line? We can find out from the three routes of Amtrak California, the three state-supported routes.

From north to south,
Their routes:
  • San Jose - Fremont - Oakland - Richmond - Martinez - Suisun/Fairfield - Davis - Sacramento
  • Oakland - Richmond - Martinez - (Sacramento - ) Stockton - Merced - Madera - Fresno - Bakersfield
  • Santa Barbara - Burbank - Los Angeles - Irvine - San Diego
The CA HSR IOS is Merced - Madera - Fresno - Bakersfield, like the San Joaquins. So when the IOS gets going, the San Joaquins may be cut back to Merced.

The system has several bus lines that extend the trains' reach. Most of them:
  • Sacramento - Reno NV
  • Sacramento - South Lake Tahoe
  • Sacramento - Redding (N CA)
  • Martinez - Arcata (N CA)
  • Oakland - San Francisco
  • Stockton - Livermore - San Jose - Santa Cruz
  • San Jose - Gilroy - Salinas - Santa Barbara
  • Merced and Fresno - Yosemite National Park
  • Bakersfield - Burbank - Los Angeles
  • Bakersfield - Riverside
 
So the initial operating segment, Merced - Bakersfield, will be about a third of the total route. I think that this was done as a foot-in-the-door strategy, a sort of demo of the full line.
Yes. Fresno wanted to make it politically awkward to abandon the project.
 
Let's look at the Bakersfield - Los Angeles bus. It takes 2h 30m to make the trip if it runs nonstop. Its route length is 114 mi, giving it an average speed of 45.6 mph.

I will now estimate the bus travel times from the ends of a partially constructed line to various destinations.

North End

From Madera (SJ) / Merced (Oak, SF):
San Jose: 117 mi, 2h 40m -- Oakland: 119 mi, 2h 40m -- San Francisco: 129 mi, 2h 50m

The San Joaquin trains between Merced and Oakland: 3h 5m

Madera - Gilroy will have a tunnel through Pacheco Pass in the Coast Ranges.

From Gilroy:
San Jose: 34 mi, 45m -- San Francisco: 81 mi, 1h 50m -- Oakland: 71 mi, 1h 35m

From San Jose:
San Francisco: 49 mi, (Caltrain) 1h 6m -- Oakland: 41 mi, (BART: Berryessa - Lake Merritt) 51 m

South End

From Bakersfield:
Burbank: 101 mi, 2h 15m -- Los Angeles: 114 mi, 2h 30m -- Anaheim: 142 mi, 3h 10m -- Riverside: 164 mi, 3h 40m

Bakersfield - Palmdale will have some tunnels through Tehachapi Pass in the Tehachapi Mountains, but the Antelope Valley should be easy to build in.

From Palmdale:
Burbank: 51 mi, 1h 10m -- Los Angeles: 65 mi, 1h 25m -- Anaheim: 92 mi, 2h 5m -- Riverside: 114 mi 2h 30m -- (north route: 85 mi, 1h 55m)

Palmdale-Burbank will in Soledad Canyon between the Sierra Pelona Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains.

Burbank - Los Angeles: 14 mi, (Metrolink) 24m
Los Angeles - Anaheim: 29 mi, (Metrolink) 44m
Los Angeles - Riverside: 52 mi, (Metrolink) 1h 28 m

Brightline West:
Los Angeles - Rancho Cucamonga: 42 mi, (Metrolink) 1h 10m

 
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So in summary, when the first phase of CA HSR opens, one will go nearly 3 hours by bus to the train, then 1 hour by train over the same distance, then 3 hours by bus again.

This phase's length is 165 miles, by bus 3h 40m, by San Joaquin train 3h 11m.

I'm reluctant to speculate on which part will be started next, though to please the people at each end, I'm thinking that the CHSRA will build both ends, the north one, Madera - Gilroy, and the south one, Bakersfield - Palmdale.

But these are only partial, and thus may not be very satisfying. It will be rather easy to go Gilroy - SJ, but not nearly as easy to go Palmdale - Burbank. Gilroy - SJ gets a connection to Caltrain, and that goes to the SF downtown station at 4th and Townsend Sts. There is a proposal for going further, to the Transbay Transit Center, about 1.2 miles of tunnel underneath SF city streets: Downtown Rail Extension | SFCTA also  Downtown Rail Extension

The  Transbay Transit Center was originally the  San Francisco Transbay Terminal It was built in 1939 for the  Key System[wiki] and [wiki]East Bay Electric Lines and  Sacramento Northern Railway three long-gone light-rail-like electric-train systems.

The Key System extended into Oakland and Berkeley, the Southern Pacific's East Bay Electric Lines extended into Alameda, San Leandro, and Berkeley, and the Sacramento Northern from Oakland to Sacramento and Chico, to the north.

The trains ran across the Bay Bridge to the Transbay Terminal, and the connecting ramps were used by buses long after those trains were ended. I remember riding some of those buses and getting a great view from the Bay Bridge. I've also ridden buses across the Golden Gate Bridge.

But the trains did not last long. The Southern Pacific and Sacramento Northern ones were discontinued only two years later, in 1941, and the Key System ones in 1958, and after that, the lower deck of the Bay Bridge was made a road deck, like the upper deck.

In 2010, that structure was demolished and replaced by the  Transbay Transit Center which opened in 2018. It is officially the Salesforce Transit Center, from sponsorship by the  Salesforce corporation. It was built with a basement that can be used for a Caltrain and HSR station, and like the original, it has a bus deck that is connected to the Bay Bridge. Its roof, however, is a park.
 
To get an idea of average speeds of some high-speed trains, I turned to Train tickets in Europe - Search & Book on Rail Europe
  • France -- Paris - Lyon -- 2h -- 462 km / 287 mi -- 231 km/h / 144 mph
  • Spain -- Madrid - Barcelona -- 2h 45m -- 627 km / 390 mi -- 229 km/h / 142 mph

Brightline Founder Eyes Private Rail Expansion to Texas, Seattle
After kicking off construction this week on Brightline’s latest venture, a $12 billion rail project spanning from Las Vegas to Southern California, Edens is already envisioning the next major hub.

The Texas triangle of Dallas, Houston and San Antonio is among the promising routes, as are Atlanta-Charlotte, Portland-Seattle and Chicago-St. Louis, the Fortress Investment Group co-chair and chief executive officer said in an interview on Bloomberg Television’s Wall Street Week with David Westin.

“When we think of places that are likely to be next on the list, it’s city pairs that have got the same characteristics as we see here — which are two big population centers separated by 200 to 300 miles and lots of traffic between them,” said Edens.
 Brightline - in Florida
  • 2018 -- Miami - Fort Lauderdale - West Palm Beach -- 72 mi
  • 2023 -- WPB - Orlando -- 178 mi
  • (planned) -- Orlando - Lakeland - Tampa -- 84 mi
  • (proposed) -- Orlando - Jacksonville -- 141 mi
Miami - Orlando -- 250 mi -- 3h 30m -- 71 mph

Existing Amtrak service for these routes:
  • Houston - Dallas -- 239 mi -- (none) -- (Texas Central planned line)
  • Dallas - San Antonio -- 273 mi -- 1/d/d (Sunset Limited)
  • Houston - San Antonio -- 197 mi -- 1/d/d (Texas Eagle)
  • Atlanta - Charlotte -- 245 mi -- (3/7)/d/d (Crescent)
  • Portland - Seattle -- 174 mi -- 7/d/d (Cascades (state-supported), Coast Starlight)
  • Chicago - St. Louis -- 297 mi -- 6/d/d (Lincoln (state-supported), Texas Eagle, mixed)
What would Brightline do with these routes?
 
Bear in mind that the nominal journey times between cities give a strong bias towards air travel and away from rail.

Taking Paris-Lyon as an example, it's 2 hours by train (according to the TGV website, 1 hour 59 minutes), but you can fly Paris-Lyon in 1 hour and 5 minutes. Which suggests that the plane is the better option if time is of the essence.

But there's a catch. The plane doesn't fly from Paris to Lyon; It flies from Charles de Gaulle airport (25 minutes by train from Paris Gare du Nord) to Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport (30 minutes by tram/train from Lyon Part Dieu). So the city centre to city centre journey time by plane and train is 1 hour 55 minutes, with two connections, adding two lots of wait time (up to about 45 minutes, and averaging around 20 minutes). Road transfers from the airports to the city centres take even longer, so catching a cab won't help.

In real terms, the train is considerably faster than flying, even before taking account of the security delays when boarding a flight, when you look at a city centre to city centre journey. It's also cheaper, and entails fewer changes.
 
 High-speed rail and  High-speed rail in Europe and  List of high-speed railway lines - I'll use 250 km/h or more maximum speed, and list upgraded-line length in ()'s
  • Japan - 1964 - 2,727 km
  • France - 1981 - 2,735 km
  • Germany - 1991 - 1,630 km (1,885 km)
  • Spain - 1992 - 4,327 km
  • Italy - 1992 - 921 km (1,097 km)
  • S Korea - 1992 - 661 km (622 km)
  • Belgium - 1997 - 209 km
  • UK - 2003 - 113 km
  • Taiwan - 2007 - 345 km
  • China - 2008 - ~ 45,000 km
  • Netherlands - 2009 - 125 km
  • Russia - 2009 - 650 km
  • Turkey - 2009 - 1211 km
  • Uzbekistan - 2011 - 600 km
  • Morocco - 2018 - 186 km
  • Saudi Arabia - 2018 - 449 km
  • Greece - 2022 - 512 km
  • Indonesia - 2023 - 142.8 km
The larger systems have some distinct topologies:
  • Linear: Japan, Italy
  • Star: France, Spain
  • Network: Germany, China
 Proposed high-speed rail by country - lots of lines under construction, planned, and proposed
 
 High-speed rail in the United States - so paltry. The Northeast Corridor is the fastest existing route, at 125 mph (201 km/h). There are some routes at 110 mph (177 km/h): Philadelphia - Harrisburg, Chicago - St. Louis, Chicago - Detroit, West Palm Beach - Orlando.

Looking at a country with much more success,  High-speed rail in France
  • Paris (Lyon) -- Lyon 1981 -- Valence 1992 -- Marseille 2001
    • Avignon (on Valence - Marseille) -- Nîmes 2001 -- Montpellier 2018
  • Paris (Montparnasse) -- Tours, Le Mans 1990
    • Tours -- Bordeaux 2017
    • LeMans -- Rennes 2017
  • Paris (Nord) -- Calais 1993 -- Chunnel 1994 -- Ebbsfleet UK 2003 -- London (St. Pancras) UK 2007
    • Lille (on Paris - Calais) -- Brussels BE 1997 -- Amsterdam NL 2009
  • Paris Eastern Bypass (Nord line - Lyon line) 1994
  • Paris (Est) -- Baudrecourt 2007 -- Strasbourg 2016
  • Perpignan -- Figueres ES 2010
  • Dijon -- Mulhouse 2011
 
The larger systems have some distinct topologies:
  • Linear: Japan, Italy
  • Star: France, Spain
  • Network: Germany, China
Most European railway systems were built as "star" designs, with radiating lines from the capital cities to the major regional centres.

Germany and Russia are the major exceptions; Their railway networks were built in anticipation of the Great War, with Russia's lines going from the key mobilisation areas (mostly major cities) to the pre-1914 border with Germany and Austria-Hungary (the French paid for most of this, and so were able to largely dictate where the lines went, France's interest was in bolstering Russia militarily, not in boosting her wider economy, and Russia remains infrastructurally backward to this day partly in consequence of her suboptimal rail system).

Germany's system was based on a series of roughly parallel east-west main lines, intended to help the movement of troops from the western front to the eastern as rapidly as possible once France was defeated. At least three of these parallels can still be clearly seen on a map of German railways.

Italy and Japan have their rail networks forced upon them by geography; Both are long thin countries with mountainous spines, and so are only suited to linear systems mostly confined to the coastal plains.
 
bilby, where did you get that from? That seems like description of ca. 1900 rail lines in general, not recent high-speed-rail lines.

It's not difficult to search for old rail maps online. Historical map of German Empire, 1894, state railways and private railways Stock Photo - Alamy and Railway Map of France (Legend in Russian), 1900 by Waldin | Avenza Maps

For the present, this is usually a good reference: OpenRailwayMap French railroads are much less dense than they were a a century ago, and German ones seem somewhat less dense.
 
So in summary, when the first phase of CA HSR opens, one will go nearly 3 hours by bus to the train, then 1 hour by train over the same distance, then 3 hours by bus again.

This phase's length is 165 miles, by bus 3h 40m, by San Joaquin train 3h 11m.
I would expect virtually zero riders. Considering the two transfers it would almost certainly be slower.
 
Those network topologies reflect geography.

Linear (Japan, Italy) - I agree that those countries' shapes leads to that topology.

Star (France, Spain) - that's an outcome of having a centralized capital, a capital much more populous than the other cities.

That is very evident for France, whose capital Paris is more populous than the next ten cities combined:  Urban area (France)

Spain's capital Madrid is also the most populous city, but Barcelona is almost as populous. But Barcelona is far off-center in the northeast, and Madrid is as populous as the next six cities combined:  List of metropolitan areas in Spain

Network Germany, China) - that's an outcome of widely distributed cities with the most populous of them not being much more populous than the others.

In Germany, Berlin doesn't stand out very much:  Metropolitan regions in Germany

In China, Shanghai is the most populous city, with capital Beijing the fourth most populous city, at 2/3 the population:  List of urban areas in China
 
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