As self-defence is only available as a response to imminent physical force it may be of limited use to the victim who is experiencing coercive and controlling behaviour characterised by psychological and non-physical tactics. In cases involving coercive control, victims may understand that an attack by an abuser is imminent where the victim has inadequately complied with the abuser's demands.
Abusers may no longer need to verbalise the threat, as the victim/survivor has internalised the rules, learning from experience the consequences of non-compliance.161 Gestures representing a threatening symbol indicating an imminent attack to the victim/survivor may appear to be innocent to an outside observer.162
To appreciate imminence in abuse contexts, it is necessary to view the perpetrator's behaviour as coercive control rather than through the bifurcatory lens of ‘a bad relationship with incidents of violence’ since this assumes ‘effective safety options’ or other alternatives between violent incidents.
163 Similarly, if the victim/survivor's response is viewed through ‘battered spousal syndrome’ rather than coercive control and social entrapment, her conduct is pathologised rendering it unlikely to be viewed as reasonable.