<link to transcript>
TROOPER: "Do you mind putting out your cigarette, please?" This is not an order. It's a question. The answer was yes, she minded. That is not a crime.
BLAND: "I'm in my car. Why do I have to put out my cigarette?" This is a perfectly reasonable question. She was in her car doing something that is not against the law. She asked him to explain why she should put it out. She was under no obligation to do so, at least not at that point.
TROOPER: "Well, you can step out now." This isn't an order either. His verbal cues heavily imply it's an order but his words don't match his tone. If he was placing her under arrest he should have said "You're under arrest, step out of the car". But even that is problematic since she hadn't done anything to justify an arrest.
BLAND: "I don't have to step on out." Correct. She didn't have to step out of the car unless and
until he ordered it. If she had stepped out of the car without him ordering it, that could have been perceived as threatening behavior, and he would have arrested her.
TROOPER: "Step out of the car." This is an order, and at this point he had the authority to arrest her for refusing to comply. However, the onus is on him to communicate that clearly. None of this "would you mind..." or "you can step out now..." indirection. If she was under arrest he should have said so. If she wasn't, he should have let her remain in her car and not escalated the incident into violence.
BLAND: "No, you don't have the right."
TROOPER: "Step out of the car!"
BLAND: "You don't have the right to do that."
TROOPER: "I do have the right. Now step out or I'll remove you."
BLAND: "I am getting removed for failure to signal?"
TROOPER: "Step out or I'll remove you. I'm giving you a lawful order. Get out of the car now or I'm going to remove you."
BLAND: "I'm calling my lawyer."
TROOPER: "I'm going to yank you out of here."
BLAND: "OK, you're going to yank me out of the car?"
TROOPER: "Get out!" (reaching into the car)
BLAND: "Don't touch me!"
TROOPER: "Get out of the car!"
BLAND: "Don't touch me. I am not under arrest. You don't have the right to touch me."
TROOPER: "You are under arrest."
Finally! He tells her she's under arrest after the confrontation is well underway.
I have a relative who used to drive around without license plates on his car, refuse to provide ID when the cops stopped him, and demanded to know if he was under arrest. The way he saw it, if he wasn't under arrest he was free to go, right? If he was under arrest, the cops had to say so, tell him why, and read him his rights. He would often point out that he had the right to remain silent, at which point he would remain
completely silent. He made a point of being uncooperative. It was something of a troll, but it was also perfectly legal behavior. The cops around here had the wits to keep their cool and not overreact while giving him a ticket. Of course, he isn't a black woman and this place isn't Texas.