Most school shooters have experienced being bullied by their classmates for weeks, months, or years (
Clark et al., 2018;
NTAC, 2019). Bullying, defined by aggressive behavior (i.e., behavior that is intentional and mean) that repeatedly occurs over time, is a prevalent form of youth violence, particularly in school settings (
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia [CHOP], 2020). Occurring within the context of a power imbalance often takes various forms, which include physical (e.g., hitting), verbal (e.g., name-calling), relational (e.g., social isolation), or online (cyber) bullying. Bullying victimization is also associated with ACEs and is considered a harmful social determinant of health and well-being, with lifelong consequences (
Ahmadi, Pynoos, Olango, & Molla, 2016;
Pontes & Pontes, 2021). Evidence suggests that victims of bullying are more likely to engage in risky behavior and report psychological issues, including using illicit drugs, having depression and suicidal thoughts, and acting in violent ways (CHOP, 2020;
Hertz, Everett Jones, Barrios, David-Ferdon, & Holt, 2015;
Klomek et al., 2013).
Most school shooters have reports of psychological, behavioral, or developmental warning signs such as depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, or defiance/misconduct behaviors (
Bonanno & Levenson, 2014;
NTAC, 2019). Motives for the shooting typically involved one or more grievances with classmates, their own families or school staff, a change in romantic relationship status, disciplinary action(s), or other personal issues including a desire to kill, suicide, and seeking fame or notoriety (
Bonanno & Levenson, 2014; GAO, 2020;
NTAC, 2019;
Pontes & Pontes, 2021). Shooters often had a history of school disciplinary actions (being suspended, expelled, or failing grades), and many had prior contact with law enforcement because of their behavior at school (GAO, 2020;
NTAC, 2019). Half of the male school shooters had interests in violent topics, and for many, their social media accounts were often used as an outlet for self-expression and threats of violence (
NTAC, 2019).