The dilemma of ‘prophylactic high explosive’
A recurring observation throughout urban warfare literature is that lessons have to be relearned time after time - at a cost of blood - because they aren’t enshrined in doctrine and training. In 1968, the Vietnam War saw the US Marine Corps deployed with no urban warfare training. The consequences were felt during the
battle for Hue City when leaders were left to scrabble through footlockers looking for World War II field manuals to help guide military actions.
In Part 1 of this series, we reviewed a
data analysis conducted by the Dupuy Institute that compared World War II urban actions with non-urban actions. The study found that attacking cities was no bloodier than other attacks, and perhaps less brutal. The same study also found that, in an urban environment, the defence was, on average, more costly than the attack.
This means that cities
do not advantage the defender but cost more to fight from. From a Western point of view then, cities were not a negative - less casualties in attack (and Western forces were the attackers) and more attritive in defence (and the defenders were the enemy). It is no surprise then that post-World War II doctrine had no great cause to focus on urban warfare. Memories of the US army, suffering through the Hurtgen forest, the Australians bleeding on the Kokoda trail, the Canadians bogged down on the Dieppe beach, the British/Indian army wading through Burma and the Marines slaughtered on Okinawa - all had a firm place in military mythology and post-war reminiscences. There was no reason for the steady, decisive allied victories such as the US battle that cleared the German city of
Aachen to stand out. The experience of World War II gave Western armies no reason to think of city fighting as anything special amongst the horrors of combat.
In Part 1, we introduced a paradigm that has featured within urban warfare literature over the last 30 years – namely, extreme bloodiness and defender advantage. Yet, the Allied experience of 1940s warfare leaves quite the opposite impression. When did the switch happen? Why was the paradigm inverted?