There are only two values with a wide range of variability in that article--fL and L. I find myself with some major disagreements with this.
1) We have one example of a planet developing life. The geologic record isn't accurate enough to even put a time between when the Earth became habitable to when it was inhabited. If the probability of life arising is actually very low then we were extremely lucky for it to have arisen so soon. Why should we think Earth is somehow unusual??
Yes, that's an excellent argument. We don't know exactly how long it took on earth from when it became inhabitable to when it was inhabited, but we do know that it happened within, say, 300 million years.
That's exactly what you'd expect to find on any habitable planet if the probability is relatively high (where 1 in 100 million per year counts as high), but it's absolutely not what one would expect if the probability is much lower than that.
with 1/100M per year, the probabilities that a planet with suitable conditions is sterile are:
probability_of_sterile_planet year
0.36787943748353946 100000000
0.13533528052320543 200000000
0.04978706687055383 300000000
0.018315638154294704 400000000
0.00673794666135399 500000000
0.0024787520275729984 600000000
0.0009118819015647376 700000000
0.000335462600999056 800000000
0.00012340979295229776 900000000
4.539992521125137e-05 1000000000
1.6701698948509918e-05 1100000000
6.144211614197251e-06 1200000000
2.2603291124107148e-06 1300000000
8.315286024013218e-07 1400000000
3.0590227450287197e-07 1500000000
1.1253515666905182e-07 1600000000
4.139937013253277e-08 1700000000
1.5229976996529002e-08 1800000000
5.602795370370335e-09 1900000000
That is, 95% will have developed life by 300 million years.
If instead the probability is 1/billion per year, most suitable planets will still be inhabited after the first billion year, but the timing of the emergence will be more uniformly distributed, i. e. only half of the planets develop life within the first 700 million years:
0.9048374205497727 100000000
0.8187307576271662 200000000
0.7408182268561262 300000000
0.6703200534847535 400000000
0.6065306681379301 500000000
0.5488116452422549 600000000
0.49658531344867884 700000000
0.4493289741038029 800000000
0.4065696699063606 900000000
0.3678794513918439 1000000000
0.3328710938706615 1100000000
0.30119422195351064 1200000000
0.27253180287691026 1300000000
0.2465969735329226 1400000000
0.22313016944691025 1500000000
0.20189652696917598 1600000000
0.1826835326807468 1700000000
0.16529889648776705 1800000000
0.14956862711771501 1900000000
If the probability is even lower, many planets may not evolve life at all -- and for those who do, the timing of the emergence will be essentially randomly distributed over a planet's lifetime. There might still be plenty of planets with life, but there should be just as many where it evolved in its 5th billion years of existence as there are planets where it evolved within the first billion. Given these assumptions, the situation we find on Earth is rather unlikely -- a chance in the low single-digit percentage range, at best. Note that this is not a case of Observer Bias: We'd be just as able to have this discussion if we were living on a planet 8 billion years old where life only emerged after 4 billion years.