The Jews can also claim to be the " indigenous" people of that location. The Wailing wall is proof of that among the many other archeology finds.
As I have pointed out on numerous occasions, the Jews whose ancestors never left the area certainly can. The Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews, the Jews of Ethiopia, and the Jews of Asia, not so much. DNA analysis shows those populations have mixed ancestry, and the further away from Jerusalem they lived, the greater the mix. The people of Palestine have almost no mixed ancestry, therefore they have the strongest ancestral claim.
Anyway, the religious beliefs of people don't define them in any sort of ethnic way, so you can't use religion as the basis for a claim to an ancestral homeland.
Can you name the " Palestinian" form of government these Arabs had before the Ottoman Empire conquered the whole region?
Tribal
What sort of currency did they use?
Mostly
coins, both locally produced and imported. Apparently they also used tokens during coin shortages or when the currency was fluctuating in value.
What archaeological finds can be attributed to these ancient Palestinians?
Every single one that was built by the indigenous people of Palestine. You might prefer to focus on the ones built by Jehovah worshippers, but
worshippers of Ba'al built temples, too. There are
archeological finds dating back to 3000 BCE that don't appear to be associated with Judaism at all, although the descendants of the people who built them most likely include a lot of modern Jews.
Stealing others history is easy if telling it to your apologists and naive sheeple! But a true history of a people leaves behind many archeological artifacts as the Jews have in abundance.
There's no such proof of an ancient, in fact, before the 19th century, of a Palestinian nation anywhere in what today constitutes the Land Of Israel!
There is abundant proof of
a succession of distinct, historically significant tribal lands, kingdoms, and nations in Palestine from ancient times to the present, only some of which were Hebrew or Judean or Israelite. All you have to do is look for it.
The cities of Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, and Jenin have been continuously inhabited by the indigenous Semitic people for the past 3,000 - 4,000 years. Jericho has been continuously inhabited for at least 6,000 years. There is no question who built those cities or who lived in them. If you think the locals all left when Christianity and Islam arrived, you're completely mistaken. They never left, they just adopted new forms of religious worship and go on with the business of living their ordinary, everyday lives.