As Finland's forces had substantial numbers of German forces supporting their operations, the Finnish front had a field synagogue operating in the presence of Nazi troops. Jewish soldiers were granted leave on Saturdays and Jewish holidays.
[10][11][12] Finnish Jewish soldiers later participated in the
Lapland War against Germany.[
citation needed]
In November 1942, eight Jewish Austrian refugees (along with 19 other deportees) were deported to
Nazi Germany after the head of the Finnish police agreed to turn them over. Seven of the Jews were murdered immediately.
[13][14] According to author Martin Gilbert, these eight were Georg Kollman; Frans Olof Kollman; Frans Kollman's mother; Hans Eduard Szubilski; Henrich Huppert; Kurt Huppert; Hans Robert Martin Korn, who had been a volunteer in the Winter War; and an unknown individual.
[15] When Finnish media reported the news, it caused a national scandal, and ministers resigned in protest.
[14] After protests by Lutheran ministers, the Archbishop, and the Social Democratic Party, no more foreign Jewish refugees were deported from Finland. Approximately 500 Jewish
refugees arrived in Finland during World War II, although about 350 moved on to other countries, including about 160 who were transferred to neutral Sweden to save their lives on the direct orders of Marshal
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, the commander of the Finnish Army.
[14] About 40 of the remaining Jewish refugees were sent to do compulsory labor service in
Salla in
Lapland in March 1942. The refugees were moved to
Kemijärvi in June and eventually to
Suursaari Island in the Gulf of Finland. Although
Heinrich Himmler twice visited Finland to try to persuade the authorities to hand over the Jewish population, he was unsuccessful.
[14]
In 1942, an exchange of Soviet
POWs took place between Finland and Germany. Approximately 2,600–2,800 Soviet prisoners of war of various nationalities then held by Finland were exchanged for 2,100 Soviet POWs of
Baltic Finn nationalities (Finnish, Karelian, Ingrian, or Estonian) held by Germany, who might have volunteered in the Finnish army. About 2000 of the POWs handed over by Finland joined the
Wehrmacht. Among the rest there were about 500 people (mainly Soviet political officers) who were considered politically dangerous in Finland. This latter group most likely perished in concentration camps or were executed as per the
Commissar Order. Based on a list of names, there were 47 Jews among the extradited, although they were not extradited based on religion.
[16]
Jews with
Finnish citizenship were protected during the whole period. Late in the war, Germany's ambassador to Helsinki
Wipert von Blücher concluded in a report to
Hitler that Finns would not endanger their citizens of Jewish origin in any situation.
[17] According to historian
Henrik Meinander, this was realistically accepted by Hitler.
[17] Yad Vashem records that 22 Finnish Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, when all died fighting for the
Finnish Army.
Three Finnish Jews were offered the
Iron Cross for their wartime service:
Leo Skurnik,
Salomon Klass, and
Dina Poljakoff.