As was typical of
Northeast Indians before colonization, the Iroquois were semisedentary agriculturists who palisaded their villages in time of need. Each village typically
comprised several hundred persons. Iroquois people dwelt in large
longhouses made of saplings and sheathed with
elm bark, each housing many families. The
longhouse family was the basic unit of traditional Iroquois society, which used a nested form of social organization: households (each representing a lineage) were divisions of
clans, several clans
constituted each
moiety, and the two moieties combined to create a
tribe.
Britannica Quiz
Native American History Quiz
Groups of men built houses and palisades, fished, hunted, and engaged in military activities. Groups of women produced crops of
corn (maize),
beans, and
squash, gathered wild foods, and prepared all clothing and most other residential goods. After the autumn harvest, family
deer-hunting parties ranged far into the forests, returning to their villages at midwinter. Spring runs of
fish drew families to nearby streams and lake inlets.
Kinship and locality were the bases for traditional Iroquois political life. Iroquois speakers were fond of meetings, spending considerable time in council. Council attendance was determined by locality, sex, age, and the specific question at hand; each council had its own
protocol and devices for gaining
consensus, which was the primary mode of decision-making.
The elaborate religious
cosmology of the Iroquois was based on an origin tradition in which a woman fell from the sky; other parts of the religious tradition featured
delugeand earth-diver motifs, supernatural aggression and cruelty,
sorcery,
torture,
cannibalism, star
myths, and journeys to the otherworld. The formal ceremonial cycle consisted of six agricultural festivals featuring long prayers of thanks. There were also rites for sanctioning political activity, such as
treaty making.
Warfare was important in Iroquois society, and, for men, self-respect depended upon achieving personal glory in war endeavours. War captives were often enslaved or adopted to replace dead family members. Losses to battle and disease increased the need for captives, who had become a significant population within Iroquois settlements by the late 17th century.